Last Update: 15-Dec-2002 ASTRONOMY Asteroids (all with diameters > 200 Km, and selected others): Distance from sun Name Number Discovered Diameter (km) Rotation Albedo (in Mkm) Orbit (years) Comet ---- ------ ---------- ------------- -------- ------ -------- ------------- ----- Abnoba 456 Adrastea 239 Aegle 96 1868 87 0.04 456.4 5.33 Aeternitas 446 43 Aethra 47 Agamemnon 911 1919 88 -7h 0.04 778.1 11.9 Alauda 702 1910 101 8.36h 0.06 477.8 5.71 Aletheia 259 1886 92 0.04 469.6 5.6 Alexandra 54 Alfreda 1375 Alice 291 Alkeste 124 Alkmene 82 Alu 4104 Amphitrite 29 1854 120 5.39h 0.16 382.1 4.08 Anga 3158 Annus 1480 Apollo 1862 1.6 3.063h 1.81 Arequipa 737 Ariadne 43 Arina 3523 Aristarchus 3999 Armor 774 Asterope 108 Atalante 36 Ate 111 Aten 2062 Athamantis 230 Atlantis 1198 Aurora 94 1867 106 7.22h 0.04 472.4 5.63 Automedon 2920 Baade 1501 Babcock 3167 Bamberga 324 1892 121 29.43h 0.06 401.4 4.41 Barbara 234 44.6 Bathilde 441 73.2 Baumeia 813 Behrens 1651 Bellona 28 Benkoela 863 Berenike 653 Bertha 154 1875 96 476.3 5.68 Bettina 88.5 Bianca 218 Bohemia 371 Bohlinia 720 Bortle 4673 Boznemcova 3628 Brita 1071 Bruna 290 Burdigala 384 Burgundia 374 Caecilia 297 Camilla 107 1868 118 4.84h -0.06 521.8 6.5 Carolina 235 Castilia 4769 1989 1.8 x 0.8 0.41 Ceres 1 1801 457 9.08h 0.1 413.9 4.61 Chaldaea 101 Chiron 2060 1977 90 2,051.9 50.8 95P Chloe 402 Ciurlionis 2420 Coelestina 237 Corbett 2442 Cosette 915 Crespo 4373 Cybele 65 1861 123 6.07h 0.06 513 6.37 Danae 61 Daphne 41 1856 91 5.99h -0.07 413.6 4.59 Dasha 3321 Davida 511 1903 168 5.13h 0.05 475.4 5.67 Deborah 541 Dejanira 157 De Sanctis 3268 Dembowska 349 143 Dickens 4370 Diotima 423 1896 119 4.62h 0.04 459 5.37 Doris 48 1857 113 11.89h -0.06 465.5 5.48 Dorothea 339 Echo 61.6 Educatio 2440 Egeria 13 1850 107 7.04h 0.1 385.4 4.14 Ehrdni 2113 Elektra 130 1873 95 5.22h -0.09 466.6 5.49 Eleonora 354 Elpis 59 1860 87 13.69h 0.05 405.9 4.47 Elst-Pizarro 7968 133P Emita 481 Endate 4282 Eos 221 Erbisbuhl 3674 Ermolova 3657 Eros 433 33 x 8 x 8 5.27h 3.29 737E+12 tons Espinette 2253 Eugenia 45 1857 107 5.7h 0.05 407.1 4.49 Eulalia 495 Eunike 185 Eunomia 15 1851 136 6.08h 0.19 395.5 4.3 Euphrosyne 31 1854 124 5.53h -0.07 472.1 5.58 Europa 52 1858 156 5.63h 0.06 463.3 5.46 Eurydike 58.3 Evdokiya 2130 Feronia 72 Flora 8 Fortuna Franck 4546 Freia 76 1862 95 9.98h 0.03 507.1 6.3 Freeman 4159 Frigga 71 Fuji 1584 Fukushima 3915 Gaika 1358 Ganymede 1036 Gaspra 951 19 x 12 x 11 7.042h 3.29 Geographos 1620 1951 2 5.222 1.39 Gershberg 2327 Goffin 1722 Gudy 2105 Hajek 1995 Halawe 518 Halliday 3944 Hanko 2299 Hansa 480 Hapag 724 Hara 4640 Harmonia 111 Hebe 6 1847 96 7.27h 0.25 362.8 3.78 Hektor Helma 1273 Henrietta 225 Herculina 532 1904 116 9.41h 0.16 414.7 4.61 Hermentaria 346 Hermione 121 1872 109 6.1h 0.04 516.3 6.37 Hilda 153 1875 87 0.06 593.8 7.92 Hohensteina 788 Humason 2070 Hygiea 10 1849 215 18.4h 0.08 470.3 5.59 Icarus 1566 1.4 2.273h 1.12 Ida 243 58 x 23 4.633h 4.84 Ilmari 2107 Imprinetta 1165 Inanda 1325 Innes 1658 Interamnia 704 1910 167 8.73h 0.06 458.1 5.36 Interkosmos 2365 Iolanda 509 Iris 7 1847 102 7.14h 0.21 356.9 3.68 Isis 42 Isolda 211 Italia 477 Itha 918 Ivar 1627 Jaroslawa 1110 Jeffers 1934 Juno 3 1804 122 7.21h 0.22 399.4 4.36 Kalliope 22 1852 94 4.15h 0.12 435.3 4.97 Kalypso 53 Kamo 4215 KD 1992 3 3.58 Kemerovo 2140 Kilia 470 Kleopatra 216 1880 217x94 Klytia 73 Kristina 4038 Kollaa 1929 Koptelov 3968 Koronis 158 Kukkamaki 2159 Kutaissi 1289 Lachesis 120 1872 89 >20 h 0.04 466.4 5.47 Laetitia 39 Lameia 248 Lanzia 683 Latona 639 Laura 467 Leda 38 Lederle 2444 Lee 3155 Lennon 4147 Leona 319 Letaba 1264 Leto 68 Liaoning 2503 Lincoln 3153 Lomonosowa 1379 Loreley Lucienne 1892 Ludmilla 675 Ludovica 292 Lyyli 2204 Magnusson 3677 Mathilde 253 66 x 48 x 46 417.7h 4.31 Mavis 1607 McAuliffe 3352 2 x 5 2.57 McNair 3354 Medusa 149 Meliboea 137 Melitta 82.6 Melpomene 18 Menzel 1967 Merxia 808 Mila 3231 Mimistrobell 3840 3.38 Mora 1257 Moskva 787 Mourao 2590 Mueller 4031 Murayama 3220 Naef 1906 Nakamura 4219 Nakano 3431 Nanking 2078 Nasi 1534 Nauheima 811 Nausikaa 107 Needham 2790 Nemausa 152.3 Nemesis 128 1872 97 39h 0.04 411.4 4.56 Nenetta 289 Nereus 4660 2 1.82 Nevanlinna 1679 Niobe 71 Norton 3869 Nysa Oda 1144 Odishaw 2775 Odysseus 1143 Olegiya 3501 Olympia 572 Onizaki 4353 Ophelia 121 Ornamenta 350 Pallas 2 1802 261 7.81h 0.14 414.5 4.61 Palma 372 1893 98 6.58h 0.05 470.1 5.57 Pandora 55 Papagena 471 Patientia 451 1899 115 9.73h 0.07 458.2 5.36 Phaethon 3200 1.4 Philippina 631 Philomela 196 Phocaea 25 Pholus 5145 Picka 803 Piironen 3759 Pomona 32 Preston 3792 Pretoria 790 1912 88 10.37h 0.03 509.5 6.29 Preziosa 529 Prokne 194 1879 87 -15.67h 0.05 391.3 4.23 Psyche 16 1852 132 4.2h 0.1 437.1 5 Purple Mountain 3494 Raksha 3332 Reiss 1577 Ricarda 879 Ridley 4025 Rimbaud 4635 Robelmonte 1145 Roberta 93.6 Rodari 3.25 Rosalia 314 Rosalinde 900 Rosseland 1646 Rovaniemi 1518 Rudneva 1907 Ruth Wolfe 3285 Sadeya 1626 Saheki 4606 Sakuntala 1166 Sampo 2091 Schiaparelli 4062 Schwambraniya 2149 Semele 86 127 Senta 550 Shawna 4510 Shigemori 4376 Shimoyama 2908 Shinagawa 4002 Shipka 5.9h 50.7 Shoemaker 2074 Siegena 386 1894 87 9.76h 0.06 433.2 4.93 Sirona 116 Slovakia 1807 Sofala 1393 Sofievka 2259 Sophrosyne 134 Stereoskopia 566 1905 88 0.03 506.7 6.27 Stobel 1628 Sulamitis 752 Suleika 563 Sumava 2403 Sylvania 519 Sylvia 87 1866 136 5.18h 0.04 521.5 6.52 Tamariwa 1084 Tatum 3748 Taurinesis Telamon 1749 Tercidina 345 Themis Thisbe 88 Tinchen 1933 Tjilaki 732 Tolosa 138 Tornio 1471 Toutatis 4179 1989 4.6 x 2.4 x 1.9 1.1 Uganda 1279 Urda 167 Ursula Vala 131 Van Biesbroe 1781 Vanderlinden 2538 Vasilevskis 2014 Velleda 126 Vera 245 Veseli 2599 Vesta 4 1807 250 5.34h 0.38 353.4 3.63 Veteraniya 2011 Vihuri 1478 Vindobona 231 Violaumayer 3559 Viv 2558 Walpurga 256 Weir 4085 Werra 1302 Wilson-Harrington 4015 107P Winchester 747 1913 89 9.4h 0.05 448.5 5.18 Yakhontovia 1653 Yatskiv 2728 Zeissia 851 Zelia 169 Zyskin 2098 Comets: Name Number Asteroid Comments ---- ------ --------- -------- Chiron 95P 2060 Elst-Pizarro 133P 7968 LINEAR Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collided with Jupiter July 1994 Wilson-Harrington 107P 4015 Constellations: Name Genitive ---- -------- Andromeda Andromedae Antlia Antliae Apus Apodis Aquarius Aquarii Aquila Aquilae Ara Arae Aries Arietis Auriga Aurigae Bootes Bootis Caelum Caeli Camelopardalis Camelopardi Cancer Cancri Canes Venatici Canum Canis Major Canis Majoris Canis Minor Canis Minoris Capricornus Capricorni Carina Carinae Cassiopeia Cassiopeiae Centaurus Centauri Cepheus Cephei Cetus Ceti Chamaeleon Chamaeleontis Circinus Circini Columba Columbae Coma berenices Comae Corona Australis Coronae Australis Corona Borealis Coronae Borealis Corvus Corvi Crater Crateris Crux Crucis Cygnus Cygni Delphinus Delphini Dorado Doradus Draco Draconis Equuleus Equulei Eridanus Eridani Fornax Fornacis Gemini Geminorum Grus Gruis Hercules Herculis Horologium Horologii Hydra Hydrae Hydrus Hydri Indus Indi Lacerta Lacertae Leo Leonis Leo Minor Leonis Minoris Lepus Leporis Libra Librae Lupus Lupi Lynx Lyncis Lyra Lyrae Mensa Mensae Microscopium Microscopii Monceros Monocerotis Musca Muscae Norma Normae Octans Octantis Ophiuchus Ophiuchi Orion Orionis Pavo Pavonis Pegasus Pegasi Perseus Persei Phoenix Phoenicis Pictor Pictoris Pisces Piscium Pisces Austrinus Pisces Austrini Puppis Puppis Pyxis Pyxidis Reticulum Reticuli Sagitta Sagittae Sagittarius Sagittarii Scorpius Scorpionis Sculptor Sculptoris Scutum Scuti Serpens Serpentis Sextans Sextantis Taurus Tauri Telescopium Telescopii Triangulum Trianguli Triangulum Australe Trianguli Australis Tucana Tucanae Ursa Major Ursae Majoris Ursa Minor Urase Minoris Vela Velorum Virgo Virginis Volans Volantis Vulpecula Velpeculae Planets: Notes: Year is in earth years, "d" means days, "R" means retrograde Diameter is in miles. Distance is in millions of miles, unless otherwise stated. Name Sattelites Diameter Gravity Rotation Year Distance ---- ---------- -------- ------- -------- ---- -------- Mercury 0 3,031 .382 1,403.76 .24 36 Venus 0 7,521 .905 5,816.32 .615 67.2 Earth 1 7,926 1.0 23.934 1.0 93 Moon 2,160 .165 27.32 27.32 .23886 Mars 2 4,223 .378 24.623 1.88 141.6 Phobos 17 Deimos 10 Jupiter 16 88,846 2.53 9.925 11.86 483.6 Metis <106 Adrastea <106 Amalthea 106 Thebe <106 Io 2,200 1.8d 421,600Km Europa 2,000 3.6d 670,900Km Ganymede 3,300 7.2d 1.070.000Km Callisto 2,980 16.7d 1,880.000Km Sinope Pasiphane Carme Ananke Elara Lysithea Himalia Leda 239d Saturn 18 74,898 1.066 10.656 29.46 888.2 Pan .575d Atlas 24.8 .6019d .0855 Prometheus 86.9 .612986d .0865 Pandora 68.3 .628804d .088 Janus 136.6 .69459d .09405 Epimetheus 86.9 .69459d .09408 Mimas 243.4 .9424218 .115 Enceladus 322 1.370218d .147 Tethys 658 1.887802d .183 Telesto 21.1 1.887802d .183 Calypso 21.1 1.887802d .183 Dione 695 2.736915d .234 Helene 22.3 2.736915d .234 Rhea 950 4.5175d .327 Titan 3,199 15.945421d .758 Hyperion 254.6 21.276609d .919 Iapetus 906 79.330182 2.211 Phoebe 137 550.48dR 8.044 Uranus 15 31,763 .906 17.24 84.01 1786.4 Cordelia 16.1 .335033d .03 Ophelia 18.6 .376409d .033 Bianca 26.1 .434577d .037 Cressida 33.5 .46357d .043 Desdemona 33.5 .473651d .039 Juliet 38.5 .493066d .038 Portia 67.1 .513196d .041 Rosalind 52.2 .558459d .04 Belinda 40.9 .623525d .047 Puck 95.7 .761832d .053 Miranda 293 1.413d .08 Ariel 719 2.52d .119 Umbriel 728 4.144d .165 Titania 981 8.706d .271 Oberon 947 13.463d .362 Neptune 8 30,775 1.137 16.11 164.79 2798.8 Naiad Thalassa Despina Galatea Larissa Proteus Triton Nereid 210 (ring arcs: Courage, Liberte, Egalite 1, Egalite 2, Fraternite) Pluto 1 1,430 .077 152.87 248.6 3666.2 Charon Sun 9 865,000 27 days 0 Named Stars: Name Designation Magnitude Position Alternate ---- ----------- --------- -------- --------- Acamar Theta Eridani 2.90 2564s4030 Achernar Alpha Eridani 0.53 1359s5730 Acrux Alpha Crucis 0.87 12238s6249 Adhara Epsilon Canis Majoris 1.49 6567s2854 Al Bali Epsilon Aquarii 3.77 20450s0941 Al Geiba Gamma Leonis 1.98 10172n2006 Al Giedi Alpha Capricorni 3.56 20153s1242 Al Kaprah Kappa Ursae Majoris 3.68 9002n4721 Al Na'ir Alpha Gruis 1.76 22051s4712 Al Nair (see Alcyone) Al Niyat Sigma Scorpionis 2.86 16181s2529 Al Rischa Alpha Piscium 3.96 1594n231 Al Wasat (see Alcyone) Albireo Beta Cygni 3.09 19287n2751 Alcor 80 Ursae Majoris 4.02 13219n5511 Alcyone 25 Tauri 2.86 3439n2358 Al Nair Aldebaran Alpha Tauri 0.86 4330n1625 Alderamin Alpha Cephei 2.46 21174n6222 Aldhafera Zeta Leonis 3.44 10139n2340 Alfirk Beta Cephei 3.15 21280n7020 Algenib Gamma Pegasi 2.84 107n1454 Algol Beta Persei 2.15v 3049n4046 Algorab Delta Corvi 2.95 12273s1614 Alhena Gamma Geminorum 1.93 5348n1627 Almeisam Alioth Epsilon Ursae Majoris 1.79 12519n5614 Allioth Alkalurops Mu Bootis 4.3, 6.5 15226n3733 Allioth (see Alioth) Almach Gamma Andromedae 2.12 2008n4206 Almeisam (see Alhena) Alnilam Epsilon Orionis 1.7 5337s114 Alnitak Zeta Orionis 1.79 5382s158 Alphard Alpha Hydrae 1.97 9251s826 Alphecca (see Gemma) Alpheratz Alpha Andromedae 2.06 58n2849 Alschain Beta Aquilae 3.71 19528n0617 Altair Alpha Aquilae 0.77 19483n0844 Atria Alpha Tri.Aust 1.91 16433s6856 Aludra Eta Canis Majoris 2.41 7221s2912 Alula Australis Xi Ursae Majoris 3.74 11155n3149 Alya Theta Serpentis 4.05 18538n408 Andrews' Star GC 7066 Variable 5374n3120 Antares Alpha Scorpionis 0.92 16264s2619 Arcturus Alpha Bootis -0.06 14134n1927 Arkab Eta Sagittarii 3.15 18142s3647 Arneb Alpha Leporis 2.58 5305s1751 Arsh Arsh (see Arneb) Ascella Zeta Sagittarii 2.61 18594s2957 Asterope 21 + 22 Tauri 5.64, 6.41 3439n2358 Atlas 27 Tauri 3.62 3439n2358 Avior Epsilon Carinae 1.86 8215s5921 Barnard's star LFT 1385 9.53 17554n424 Bellatrix Gamma Orionis 1.64 5224n618 Benetnasch Eta Ursae Majoris 1.87 13456n4934 Betelgeuse Alpha Orionis 0.7 5525n724 Betelgeux Betelgeux (see betelgeuse) Canopus Alpha Carinae -0.72 6228s5240 Capella Alpha Aurigae 0.06 5130n4557 Caput Trianguli Alpha Trianguli 3.49 1502n2920 Ras al Muthallath Caph Beta Cassiopeiae 2.25 65n5852 Castor Alpha Geminorum 1.59 7314n3200 Celaeno 16 Tauri 5.44 3439n2358 Cheleb Beta Ophiuchi 2.77 17410n435 Chertan (see Chort) Chort Theta Leonis 3.34 11116n1542 Chertan & Coxa Coxa (see Chort) Cursa Beta Eridani 2.79 5054s509 Dabih Beta Capricorni 3.08 20182s1456 Deneb Alpga Cygni 1.26 20397n4506 Deneb Algiedi Delta Capricorni 2.82 21443s1621 Deneb Kaitos Beta Ceti 2.00 411s1816 Diphda Denebola Beta Leonis 2.14 11465n1451 Diphda (see Deneb Kaitos) Dschubba Delta Scorpionis 2.34 15574s2229 Dubb (see Dubhe) Dubh (see Dubhe) Dubhe Alpah Ursae Majoris 1.81 11007n6201 Dubh, Dubb Ed Asich Iota Draconis 3.3 15238n5908 Eltanin Gamma Draconis 2.22 17554n5130 El Nasl Gamma Sagittarii 2.97 18026s3026 El Nath Beta Tauri 1.65 5231n2834 Electra 17 Tauri 3.7 3439n2358 Enif Epsilon Pegasi 2.31 21417n939 Er Rai Gamma Cephei 3.21 23373n7721 Fomalhaut Alpha Pisces Austinus 1.17 22549s2953 Gemma Alpha Coronae 2.23 15326n2653 Alphecca Gienah Gamma Corvi 2.58 12132s1716 Gienah Epsilon Cygni 2.46 20442n3347 Gomeisa Beta Canis Minoris 2.84 7244n824 Graffias Beta Scorpionis 2.55 16025s1940 Groombridge 34 GRB 34 8.1, 10.9 155n4344 Hadar Beta Centauri 0.66 14003s6008 Hamal Alpha Arii 2.0 2043m2314 Homam Zeta Pegasi 3.46 22390n1034 Izar (see Mirak) Kapteyn's Star LFT 395 8.8 5097s4500 Kaus Australis Epsilon Sagittarii 1.81 18209s3425 Kaus Borealis Lambda Sagittarii 2.8 18249s2527 Kaus Meridianalis (see Media) Kepler's Star V843 Ophiuchi 19 17276s2126 Nova 1604 AD Kochab Beta Ursae Minoris 2.06 14508n7422 Kornephoros Beta Herculis 2.78 16281n2136 Krueger 80 KRG 60 9.8, 11.4 22262n5727 Lesath (see Lesuth) Lesuth Upsilon Scorpionis 2.71 17274s3715 Lesath Maia 20 Tauri 3.86 3439n2358 Marchab (see Markab) Marfak (see Mirfak) Markab Alpha Pegasi 2.5 23023n1456 Marchab Markab (seldom used for Kappa Velorum) Kappa Velorum 2.45 9206s5448 Matar Eta Pegasi 2.96 22407n2958 Mebsuta Epsilon Geminorum 2.98 6408n2511 Media Delta Sagittarii 2.71 18178s2951 Kaus Meridianalis Megrez Delta Ursae Majoris 3.3 12130n5719 Menkalinan Beta Aurigae 1.9 5559n4457 Menkab (see Menkar) Menkar Alpha Ceti 2.52 2597n354 Menkab Menkent Theta Centauri 2.04 14037s3607 Merak Beta Ursae Majoris 2.37 10588n5639 Mirak Merope 23 Tauri 4.17 3439n2358 Mesarthim Gamma Arii 3.9 1508n1903 Miaplacidus Beta Carinae 1.67 9127s6931 Mintaka Delta Orionis 2.2 5294s20 Mira Omicron Ceti Variable 2168s312 Mirach Beta Andromedae 2.03 1069n3521 Mirak Epsilon Bootis 2.37 Mirfak Alpha Persei 1.79 3207n4941 Marfak Mizar Zeta Ursae Majoris 2.4 13219n5511 Murphrid Eta Bootis 2.69 13523n1839 Murzam (see Murzim) Murzim Beta Canis Majoris 1.98 6205s1756 Murzam Muscida Omicron Ursae Majoris 3.37 8262n6053 Nekkar Beta Bootis 3.48 15001n4035 Nihal Beta Leporis 2.85 5261s2048 Nunki Sigma Sagittarii 2.12 18522s2622 Nusakan Beta Coronae 3.66 15258n2917 Peacock Star Alpha Pavonis 1.93 20217s5654 Pearce's Star AO Cassiopeiae 6.05 151n5109 Phact Alpha Columbae 2.64 5378s3406 Phaet Phaet (see Phact) Pherkad Gamma Ursae Minoris 3.08 15208n7201 Plaskett's Star ? Monocerotis 6.06 6348n611 Pleione 28 Tauri 5.09 3439n2358 Polaris Alpha Ursae Minoris 1.99 1488n8902 Pollux Beta Geminorum 1.16 7423n2809 Porrima Gamma Virginis 2.76 12391s111 Procyon Alpha Canis Minoris 0.35 7367n521 Propus Eta Geminorum 3.33 6119n2231 Ras Al Muthallath (see Caput Trianguli) Ras Algethi Alpha Herculis 3.1-3.9 17124n1427 Ras Alhague Alpha Ophiuchi 2.09 17326n1236 Ras Elased Epsilon Leonis 2.98 9430n2400 Rastaban Beta Draconis 2.78 17293n5220 Regulus Alpha Leonis 1.36 10057n1213 Rigel Beta Orionis 0.34 5121s815 Rigel Kentaurus Alpha Centauri -0.27 14362s6038 Rucbah (see Sadal Melik) Ruchbah Delta Cassiopeiae 2.68 1225n5959 Sabik Eta Ophiuchi 2.46 17075s1540 Sadachbia Gamma Aquarii 3.84 22191s0138 Sadal Melik Alpha Aquarii 2.93 22032s0034 Rucbah Sadal Sund Beta Aquarii 2.86 21289s0548 Sadatoni Zeta Aurigae 3.76 4590n4100 Sadr Gamma Cygni 2.23 20204n4006 Saiph Kappa Orionis 2.06 5454s941 Sargas Theta Scorpionis 1.87 17337s4258 Seginus Gamma Bootis 3.05 14301n3832 Scheat Beta Pegasi 2.5v 23014n2749 Schedar Alpha Cassiopeiae 2.23 376n5616 Shaula Lambda Scorpionis 1.62 17302s3704 Sheliak Beta Lyrae 3.38 18482n3318 Sheratan Beta Arii 2.65 01519n2034 Sirius Alpha Canis Majoris -1.58 6430s1639 Skat Delta Aquarii 3.28 22520s0941 Spica Alpha Virginis 1.0 13226s1054 Suhail Lambda Velorum 2.24 9062s4314 Suhail (seldom used for Gamma Velorum) Gamma Velorum 1.88 8079s4712 Talita (see Talitha) Talitha Iota Ursae Majoris 3.12 8558n4814 Talita Tania Australis Mu Ursae Majoris 3.05 10194n4145 Tania Borealis Lanbda Ursae Majoris 3.45 10141n4310 Tarazed Gamma Aquilae 2.67 19439n1029 Taygeta 19 Tauri 4.29 3439n2358 Tegmeni Zeta Cancri 5.1 8093n1748 Thuban Alpha Draconis 3.64 14030n6437 Trapezium Theta Orionis 5.4,6.3,6.8 5329s525 Tycho's Star B Cassiopeiae Unuk Al Hay Alpha Serpentis 2.65 15418n635 Unukalhai Unukalhai (see Unuk Al Hay) Van Maanen's Star Wolf 28 12.4 465n509 Vega Alpha Lyrae 0.04 18352n3844 Vindemiatrix Epsilon Virginis 2.84 12597n1114 Wasat Delta Geminorum 3.51 7171n2205 Wesen Delta Canis Majoris 1.82 70054s2619 Wezn Beta Columbae 3.12 5492s3547 Zaurak Gamma Eridani 2.98 3557s1339 Zozma Delta Leonis 2.55 11115n2048 Zuben El Genubi Alpha Librae 2.75 14481s1550 Zuben Eschamali Beta Librae 2.61 15143s912 Messier list: M1 Taurus NGC 1952 5315n2159 Nebula ("Crab") M2 Aquarius NGC 7089 21309s0104 Globular star cluster M3 Canes Venatici NGC 5272 13399n2838 Globular star cluster M4 Scorpius NGC 6121 16206s2624 Globular star cluster M5 Serpens NGC 5904 15160n216 Globular star cluster M6 Scorpius NGC 6405 17368s3211 Cluster M7 Scorpius NGC 6475 17507s3448 Cluster M8 Sagittarius NGC 6523 18016s2420 Nebula ("Lagoon") M9 Ophiuchus NGC 6333 17162s1828 Globular star cluster M10 Ophiuchus NGC 6254 16545s402 Globular star cluster M11 Scutum NGC 6705 18484s620 Cluster M12 Ophiuchus NGC 6218 16446s152 Globular star cluster M13 Hercules NGC 6205 16399n3633 Globular star cluster M14 Ophiuchus NGC 6402 17350s313 Globular star cluster M15 Pegasus NGC 7078 21276n1157 Globular star cluster M16 Serpens NGC 6611 18160s1348 Nebula M17 Sagittarius NGC 6618 18180s1612 Nebula ("Swan", "Omega", or "Horseshoe") M18 Sagittarius NGC 6613 18170s1709 Cluster M19 Ophiuchus NGC 6273 16595s2611 Globular star cluster M20 Sagittarius NGC 6514 17589s2302 Nebula ("Triffid") M21 Sagittarius NGC 6531 18018s2230 Cluster M22 Sagittarius NGC 6656 18333s2358 Globular star cluster M23 Sagittarius NGC 6494 17540s1901 Cluster M24 Sagittarius NGC 6603 18155s1827 Cluster M25 Sagittarius 18288s1917 Cluster M26 Scutum NGC 6694 18425s927 Cluster M27 Vulpecula NGC 6853 19574n2235 Planetary nebula ("Dumb-bell") M28 Sagittarius NGC 6626 18215s2454 Globular star cluster M29 Cygnus NGC 6913 20222n3821 Cluster M30 Capricornus NGC 7099 21375s2325 Globular star cluster M31 Andromeda NGC 224 400n4100 Great Andromeda Galaxy M32 Andromeda NGC 221 400n4036 Galaxy M33 Triangulum NGC 598 1311n3024 Pinwheel Galaxy M34 Perseus NGC 1039 2388n4234 Cluster M35 Gemini NGC 2168 6057n2420 Cluster M36 Auriga NGC 1960 5329n3407 Cluster M37 Auriga NGC 2099 5490n3233 Cluster M38 Auriga NGC 1912 5253n3548 Cluster M39 Cygnus NGC 7092 21304n4813 Cluster M40 Ursa Major 12198n5822 2 stars M41 Canis Major NGC 2287 6449n2042 Cluster M42 Orion NGC 1976 5329s525 Nebula M43 Orion NGC 1982 5331s518 Nebula M44 Cancer NGC 2632 8375n1952 Cluster M45 Taurus 3439n2358 Cluster ("Pleiades") M46 Puppis NGC 2437 7396s1442 Cluster M47 Puppis NGC 2422 7343s1422 Cluster M48 Hydra NGC 2548 8112s538 Cluster M49 Virgo NGC 4472 12273n816 Galaxy M50 Monoceros NGC 2323 7005s816 Cluster M51 Canes Venatici NGC 5194 13278n4727 Galaxy M52 Cassiopeia NGC 7654 23220n6120 Cluster M53 Coma Berenices NGC 5024 13105n1826 Globular star cluster M54 Sagittarius NGC 6715 18520s3032 Globular star cluster M55 Sagittarius NGC 6809 19369s3103 Globular star cluster M56 Lyra NGC 6779 19146n3005 Globular star cluster M57 Lyra NGC 6720 18517n3258 Planetary nebula ("Ring") M58 Virgo NGC 4579 12351n1205 Galaxy M59 Virgo NGC 4621 12395n1155 Galaxy M60 Virgo NGC 4649 12411n1149 Galaxy M61 Virgo NGC 4303 12194n445 Galaxy M62 Scorpius NGC 6266 16581s3003 Globular star cluster M63 Canes Venatici NGC 5055 1315n4217 Galaxy M64 Coma Berenices NGC 4826 12543n2157 Galaxy M65 Leo NGC 3623 11163n1323 Galaxy M66 Leo NGC 3627 11176n1317 Galaxy M67 Cancer NGC 2682 8483n1200 Cluster M68 Hydra NGC 4590 12368s2629 Globular star cluster M69 Sagittarius NGC 6637 18281s3223 Globular star cluster M70 Sagittarius NGC 6681 18400s3221 Globular star cluster M71 Sagitta NGC 6838 19519n1839 Globular star cluster M72 Aquarius NGC 6981 20508s1244 Globular star cluster M73 Aquarius NGC 6994 20562s1251 Stars M74 Pisces NGC 628 1340n1532 Galaxy M75 Sagittarius NGC 6864 20032s2204 Globular star cluster M76 Perseus NGC 650 1388n5119 Planetary nebula ("Cork") M77 Cetus NGC 1068 2401s14 Galaxy M78 Orion NGC 2068 5442n2 Nebula M79 Lepus NGC 1904 5222s2434 Globular star cluster M80 Scorpius NGC 6093 16141s2252 Globular star cluster M81 Ursa Major NGC 3031 9515n6918 Galaxy M82 Ursa Major NGC 3034 9519n6956 Galaxy M83 Hydra NGC 5236 13343s2937 Galaxy M84 Virgo NGC 4374 12226n1310 Galaxy M85 Coma Berenices NGC 4382 12228n1828 Galaxy M86 Virgo NGC 4406 12237n1313 Galaxy M87 Virgo NGC 4486 12283n1240 Galaxy M88 Coma Berenices NGC 4501 12295n1442 Galaxy M89 Virgo NGC 4552 12331n1250 Galaxy M90 Virgo NGC 4569 12343n1326 Galaxy M91 Coma Berenices 12350n1402 Error M92 Hercules NGC 6341 17156n5312 Globular star cluster M93 Puppis NGC 2447 7424s2345 Cluster M94 Canes Venatici NGC 4736 12486n4123 Galaxy M95 Leo NGC 3351 10413n1158 Galaxy M96 Leo NGC 3368 10442n1205 Galaxy M97 Ursa Major NGC 3587 11120n5518 Planetary nebula ("Owl") M98 Coma Berenices NGC 4192 12113n1511 Galaxy M99 Coma Berenices NGC 4254 12163n1442 Galaxy M100 Coma Berenices NGC 4321 12204n1606 Galaxy M101 Ursa Major NGC 5457 14014n5435 Galaxy M102 Error M103 Cassiopeia NGC 581 1299n6027 Cluster M104 Virgo NGC 4594 12373s1121 Galaxy ("Sombrero") M105 Leo NGC 3379 10452n1251 Galaxy NGC list: Number Constellation Location Type ------ ------------- -------- ---- NGC 16 Pegasus 65n2727 Galaxy NGC 23 Pegasus 73n2539 Galaxy NGC 24 Sculptor 74S2515 Galaxy NGC 40 Cepheus 102n7215 Planetary nebula NGC 45 Cetus 114s2327 Galaxy NGC 55 Sculptor 125S3950 Galaxy NGC 95 Pisces 196n1012 Galaxy NGC 103 Cassiopeia 226n6103 Cluster NGC 104 Tucana 219s7221 Globular star cluster NGC 128 Pisces 267n235 Galaxy NGC 129 Cassiopeia 270n5957 Cluster NGC 133 Cassiopeia 284n6204 Cluster NGC 134 Sculptor 279s3332 Galaxy NGC 136 Cassiopeia 287n6114 Cluster NGC 146 Cassiopeia 303n6301 Cluster NGC 147 Cassiopeia 304n4814 Galaxy NGC 148 Sculptor 318s3204 Galaxy NGC 150 Sculptor 318s2805 Galaxy NGC 151 Cetus 316s958 Galaxy NGC 157 Cetus 323s840 Galaxy NGC 175 Cetus 349s2012 Galaxy NGC 178 Cetus 366s1427 Galaxy NGC 185 Cassiopeia 361n4804 Galaxy NGC 188 Cepheus 394n8503 Cluster NGC 205 Andromeda 387n2514 Galaxy NGC 210 Cetus 380s1409 Galaxy NGC 221 M32 Andromeda 400n4036 Galaxy NGC 224 M31 Andromeda 400n4100 Galaxy NGC 225 Cassiopeia 406n6131 Cluster NGC 227 Cetus 401s148 Galaxy NGC 237 Cetus 409s24 Galaxy NGC 245 Cetus 437s159 Galaxy NGC 246 Cetus 446s1209 Planetary nebula NGC 247 Cetus 446s2101 Galaxy NGC 253 Sculptor 451s2534 Galaxy NGC 254 Sculptor 452s3142 Galaxy NGC 255 Cetus 452s1145 Galaxy NGC 268 Cetus 476s528 Galaxy NGC 274 Cetus 485s720 Galaxy NGC 275 Cetus 485s720 Galaxy NGC 278 Cassiopeia 492n4718 Galaxy NGC 281 Cassiopeia 504n5619 Nebula NGC 288 Sculptor 502s2652 Globular star cluster NGC 289 Sculptor 504s3129 Galaxy NGC 292 Tucana 500s7330 Galaxy (Small Magellanic Cloud) NGC 300 Sculptor 526s3758 Galaxy NGC 309 Cetus 540s1013 Galaxy NGC 337 Cetus 573s751 Galaxy NGC 357 Cetus 1008s637 Galaxy NGC 358 Cassiopeia 1020n6146 Cluster NGC 362 Tucana 1006s7107 Globular star cluster NGC 381 Cassiopeia 1052n6119 Cluster NGC 404 Andromeda 1066n3527 Galaxy NGC 406 Tucana 1058s7009 Galaxy NGC 428 Cetus 1104n43 Galaxy NGC 434 Tucana 1102s5831 Galaxy NGC 436 Cassiopeia 1124n5833 Cluster NGC 439 Sculptor 1115s3200 Galaxy NGC 450 Cetus 1130s107 Galaxy NGC 457 Cassiopeia 1159n5804 Cluster NGC 470 Pisces 1171n309 Galaxy NGC 474 Pisces 1175n310 Galaxy NGC 488 Pisces 1191n500 Galaxy NGC 491 Sculptor 1191s3419 Galaxy NGC 514 Pisces 1213n1239 Galaxy NGC 520 Pisces 1220n332 Galaxy NGC 521 Cetus 1220n128 Galaxy NGC 524 Pisces 1221n916 Galaxy NGC 533 Cetus 1229n130 Galaxy NGC 559 Cassiopeia 1261n6302 Cluster NGC 578 Cetus 1280s2256 Galaxy NGC 581 M103 Cassiopeia 1299n6027 Cluster NGC 584 Cetus 1288s707 Galaxy NGC 596 Cetus 1303s717 Galaxy NGC 598 M33 Triangulum 1311n3024 Galaxy NGC 602 Hydrus 1284s7349 Nebula NGC 609 Cassiopeia 1337n6418 Cluster NGC 613 Sculptor 1320s2940 Galaxy NGC 615 Cetus 1326s753 Galaxy NGC 625 Phoenix 1329s4141 Galaxy NGC 628 Pisces 1340n1532 Galaxy NGC 636 Cetus 1366s745 Galaxy NGC 637 Cassiopeia 1383n6347 Cluster NGC 643 Hydrus 1341s7548 Globular star cluster NGC 650 M76 Perseus 1388n5119 Planetary nebula NGC 654 Cassiopeia 1405n6139 Cluster NGC 659 Cassiopeia 1408n6028 Cluster NGC 663 Cassiopeia 1426n6101 Cluster NGC 670 Triangulum 1445n2738 Galaxy NGC 672 Triangulum 1450n2711 Galaxy NGC 681 Cetus 1467s1040 Galaxy NGC 685 Eridanus 1459s5302 Galaxy NGC 869 Perseus 2155n5655 Cluster NGC 697 Aries 1486n2206 Galaxy NGC 701 Cetus 1486n957 Galaxy NGC 708 Andromeda 1498n3555 Galaxy NGC 718 Pisces 1507n357 Galaxy NGC 720 Cetus 1506s1359 Galaxy NGC 741 Pisces 1538n523 Galaxy NGC 750 Triangulum 1546n3258 Galaxy NGC 752 Andromeda 1548n3726 Cluster NGC 753 Andromeda 1546n3541 Galaxy NGC 772 Aries 1566n1846 Galaxy NGC 777 Triangulum 1573n3112 Galaxy NGC 779 Cetus 1572s612 Galaxy NGC 782 Eridanus 1561s5801 Galaxy NGC 788 Cetus 1586s703 Galaxy NGC 821 Aries 2056n1046 Galaxy NGC 864 Cetus 2128n545 Galaxy NGC 877 Aries 2153n1419 Galaxy NGC 884 Perseus 2189n5653 Cluster NGC 890 Triangulum 2191n3302 Galaxy NGC 891 Andromeda 2193n4207 Galaxy NGC 895 Cetus 2191s545 Galaxy NGC 908 Cetus 2208s2127 Galaxy NGC 922 Fornax 2229s2501 Galaxy NGC 925 Triangulum 2243n3322 Galaxy NGC 936 Cetus 2251s122 Galaxy NGC 941 Cetus 2260s122 Galaxy NGC 948 Cetus 2281s309 Galaxy NGC 949 Triangulum 2276n3656 Galaxy NGC 955 Cetus 2280s119 Galaxy NGC 957 Perseus 2289n5718 Cluster NGC 972 Aries 2313n2906 Galaxy NGC 976 Aries 2312n2044 Galaxy NGC 986 Fornax 2316s3915 Galaxy NGC 991 Cetus 2332s722 Galaxy NGC 6025 Triangulum Australe 15594s6022 Cluster NGC 1022 Cetus 2361s653 Galaxy NGC 1023 Perseus 2372n3852 Galaxy NGC 1027 Cassiopeia 2388n6120 Cluster NGC 1035 Cetus 2370s820 Galaxy NGC 1039 M34 Perseus 2388n4234 Cluster NGC 1042 Cetus 2380s840 Galaxy NGC 1049 Fornax 2377s3429 Globular cluster NGC 1052 Cetus 2386s828 Galaxy NGC 1055 Cetus 2392n16 Galaxy NGC 1058 Perseus 2402n3708 Galaxy NGC 1068 M77 Cetus 2401s14 Galaxy NGC 1073 Cetus 2412n110 Galaxy NGC 1079 Fornax 2416s2913 Galaxy NGC 1084 Eridanus 2435s747 Galaxy NGC 1087 Cetus 2439s42 Galaxy NGC 1090 Cetus 2440s27 Galaxy NGC 1097 Fornax 2443s3029 Galaxy NGC 1140 Eridanus 2522s1014 Galaxy NGC 1156 Aries 2567n2503 Galaxy NGC 1169 Perseus 3001n4612 Galaxy NGC 1172 Eridanus 2593s1502 Galaxy NGC 1175 Perseus 3013n4208 Galaxy NGC 1179 Eridanus 2597s1906 Galaxy NGC 1187 Eridanus 3004s2304 Galaxy NGC 1199 Eridanus 3013s1548 Galaxy NGC 1201 Fornax 3020s2615 Galaxy NGC 1209 Eridanus 3038s1548 Galaxy NGC 1220 Perseus 3078n5310 Cluster NGC 1232 Eridanus 3075s2046 Galaxy NGC 1241 Eridanus 3088s907 Galaxy NGC 1245 Perseus 3112n4703 Cluster NGC 1249 Horologium 3086s5332 Galaxy NGC 1255 Fornax 3114s2558 Galaxy NGC 1261 Horologium 3109s5525 Globular Star cluster NGC 1270 Perseus 3156n4118 Galaxy NGC 1275 Perseus 3164n4120 Galaxy NGC 1288 Fornax 3153s3246 Galaxy NGC 1291 Eridanus 3155s4117 Galaxy NGC 1292 Fornax 3160s2748 Galaxy NGC 1297 Eridanus 3170s1916 Galaxy NGC 1300 Eridanus 3175s1935 Galaxy NGC 1302 Fornax 3177s2614 Galaxy NGC 1309 Eridanus 3198s1535 Galaxy NGC 1313 Reticulum 3176s6640 Galaxy NGC 1316 Fornax 3207s3725 Galaxy NGC 1317 Fornax 3208s3717 Galaxy NGC 1325 Eridanus 3223s2143 Galaxy NGC 1326 Fornax 3220s3639 Galaxy NGC 1332 Eridanus 3241s2131 Galaxy NGC 1333 Perseus 3261n3112 Nebula NGC 1337 Eridanus 3256s834 Galaxy NGC 1339 Fornax 3261s3227 Galaxy NGC 1341 Fornax 3261s3719 Galaxy NGC 1342 Perseus 3284n3709 Cluster NGC 1344 Fornax 3267s3114 Galaxy NGC 1350 Fornax 3291s3347 Galaxy NGC 1351 Fornax 3286s3502 Galaxy NGC 1353 Eridanus 3298s2100 Galaxy NGC 1357 Eridanus 3309s1350 Galaxy NGC 1358 Eridanus 3312s516 Galaxy NGC 1359 Eridanus 3315s1941 Galaxy NGC 1360 Fornax 3310s2600 Planetary nebula NGC 1365 Fornax 3318s3618 Galaxy NGC 1366 Fornax 3320s3123 Galaxy NGC 1371 Fornax 3328s2506 Galaxy NGC 1374 Fornax 3334s3524 Galaxy NGC 1376 Eridanus 3347s512 Galaxy NGC 1379 Fornax 3342s3537 Galaxy NGC 1380 Fornax 3346s3509 Galaxy NGC 1381 Fornax 3347s3528 Galaxy NGC 1385 Fornax 3352s2440 Galaxy NGC 1386 Eridanus 3350s3610 Galaxy NGC 1387 Fornax 3351s3541 Galaxy NGC 1389 Eridanus 3353s3555 Galaxy NGC 1395 Eridanus 3363s2311 Galaxy NGC 1398 Fornax 3368s2630 Galaxy NGC 1399 Fornax 3366s3537 Galaxy NGC 1400 Eridanus 3372s1851 Galaxy NGC 1404 Fornax 3370s3545 Galaxy NGC 1406 Fornax 3375s3128 Galaxy NGC 1407 Eridanus 3379s1844 Galaxy NGC 1411 Horologium 3371s4415 Galaxy NGC 1415 Eridanus 3387s2243 Galaxy NGC 1417 Eridanus 3395s452 Galaxy NGC 1421 Eridanus 3402s1340 Galaxy NGC 1425 Fornax 3401s3004 Galaxy NGC 1426 Eridanus 3406s2216 Galaxy NGC 1427 Fornax 3404s3534 Galaxy NGC 1433 Horologium 3404s4724 Galaxy NGC 1435 Taurus 3433n2342 Nebula NGC 1437 Eridanus 3417s3601 Galaxy NGC 1439 Eridanus 3426s2205 Galaxy NGC 1440 Eridanus 3428s1827 Galaxy NGC 1448 Horologium 3429s4448 Galaxy NGC 1452 Eridanus 3431s1847 Galaxy NGC 1453 Eridanus 3440s408 Galaxy NGC 1461 Eridanus 3461s1632 Galaxy NGC 1465 Perseus 3505n3221 Galaxy NGC 1487 Eridanus 3541s4231 Galaxy NGC 1491 Perseus 3595n5110 Nebula NGC 1493 Horologium 3559s4621 Galaxy NGC 1494 Horologium 3562s4903 Galaxy NGC 1499 Perseus 4001n3617 Nebula NGC 1501 Camelopardalis 4026n6047 Planetary nebula NGC 1502 Camelopardalis 4030n6211 Cluster NGC 1507 Eridanus 4018s220 Galaxy NGC 1511 Hydrus 3593s6746 Galaxy NGC 1512 Horologium 4023s4329 Galaxy NGC 1513 Perseus 4062n4923 Cluster NGC 1514 Taurus 4061n3038 Planetary nebula NGC 1515 Dorado 4027s5414 Galaxy NGC 1518 Eridanus 4047s2118 Galaxy NGC 1521 Eridanus 4062s2111 Galaxy NGC 1527 Horologium 4069s4801 Galaxy NGC 1528 Perseus 4114n5107 Cluster NGC 1530 Camelopardalis 4169n7511 Galaxy NGC 1531 Eridanus 4101s3259 Galaxy NGC 1532 Eridanus 4102s3300 Galaxy NGC 1533 Dorado 4088s5615 Galaxy NGC 1535 Eridanus 4121s1252 Planetary nebula NGC 1536 Reticulum 4100s5636 Galaxy NGC 1537 Eridanus 4118s3141 Galaxy NGC 1543 Reticulum 4156s6020 Galaxy NGC 1546 Dorado 4136s5611 Galaxy NGC 1549 Dorado 4147s5542 Galaxy NGC 1553 Dorado 4152s5554 Galaxy NGC 1555 Taurus 4190n1925 Nebula NGC 1559 Reticulum 4170s6255 Galaxy NGC 1566 Dorado 4189s5504 Galaxy NGC 1569 Camelopardalis 4260n6445 Galaxy NGC 1574 Dorado 4210s5705 Galaxy NGC 1579 Perseus 4269n3510 Nebula NGC 1596 Dorado 4266s5507 Galaxy NGC 1600 Eridanus 4292s510 Galaxy NGC 1617 Dorado 4306s5442 Galaxy NGC 1624 Perseus 4365n5021 Nebula NGC 1625 Eridanus 4346s324 Galaxy NGC 1637 Eridanus 4389s256 Galaxy NGC 1638 Eridanus 4391s153 Galaxy NGC 1640 Eridanus 4401s2032 Galaxy NGC 1647 Taurus 4432n1859 Cluster NGC 1659 Eridanus 4440s453 Galaxy NGC 1664 Auriga 4474n4377 Cluster NGC 1667 Eridanus 4462s624 Galaxy NGC 1672 Dorado 4449s5920 Galaxy NGC 1688 Dorado 4476s5953 Galaxy NGC 1700 Eridanus 4545s456 Galaxy NGC 1705 Pictor 4532s5326 Galaxy NGC 1714 Dorado 4520s6701 Planetary nebula NGC 1726 Eridanus 4573s749 Galaxy NGC 1743 Dorado 4544s6917 Planetary nebula NGC 1744 Lepus 4579s2606 Galaxy NGC 1746 Taurus 5006n2344 Cluster NGC 1758 Taurus 5006n2344 Cluster NGC 1778 Auriga 5050n3700 Cluster NGC 1784 Lepus 5032s1156 Galaxy NGC 1788 Orion 5045s324 Nebula NGC 1792 Columba 5035s3804 Galaxy NGC 1796 Dorado 5021s6112 Galaxy NGC 1800 Columba 5046s3201 Galaxy NGC 1807 Taurus 5078n1628 Cluster NGC 1808 Columba 5059s3734 Galaxy NGC 1817 Taurus 5092n1638 Cluster NGC 1832 Lepus 5100s1547 Galaxy NGC 1851 Columba 5124s4005 Globular cluster NGC 1857 Auriga 5166n3918 Cluster NGC 1883 Auriga 5222n4630 Cluster NGC 1893 Auriga 5193n3321 Cluster NGC 1904 M79 Lepus 5222s2434 Globular star cluster NGC 1907 Auriga 5247n3517 Cluster NGC 1910 Dorado 5185s6916 Cluster NGC 1912 M38 Auriga 5253n3548 Cluster NGC 1931 Auriga 5281n3413 Nebula NGC 1936 Dorado 5224s6801 Nebula NGC 1947 Dorado 5260s6349 Galaxy NGC 1952 Taurus 5315n2159 Nebula NGC 1960 M36 Auriga 5329n3407 Cluster NGC 1961 Camelopardalis 5368n6924 Galaxy NGC 1964 Lepus 5312s2159 Galaxy NGC 1976 M42 Orion 5329s525 Nebula NGC 1977 Orion 5330s452 Nebula NGC 1980 Orion 5330s556 Nebula NGC 1981 Orion 5330s424 Cluster NGC 1982 M43 Orion 5331s518 Nebula NGC 1985 Auriga 5345n3158 Nebula NGC 1990 Orion 5337s114 Nebula NGC 1999 Orion 5341s645 Nebula NGC 2017 Lepus 5371s1753 Cluster NGC 2022 Orion 5393n903 Planetary nebula NGC 2023 Orion 5392s215 Nebula NGC 2024 Orion 5394s152 Nebula NGC 2068 M78 Orion 5442n2 Nebula NGC 2070 Dorado 5399s6904 Nebula NGC 2071 Orion 5446n17 Nebula NGC 2082 Dorado 5416s6420 Galaxy NGC 2090 Columba 5452s3415 Galaxy NGC 2099 M37 Auriga 5490n3233 Cluster NGC 2126 Auriga 5581n4955 Cluster NGC 2129 Gemini 5580n2318 Cluster NGC 2139 Lepus 5590s2349 Galaxy NGC 2141 Orion 6003n1026 Cluster NGC 2146 Camelopardalis 6107n7823 Galaxy NGC 2149 Monoceros 6011s944 Nebula NGC 2158 Gemini 6043n2406 Cluster NGC 2168 M35 Gemini 6057n2420 Cluster NGC 2169 Orion 6057n1358 Cluster NGC 2170 Monoceros 6052s623 Nebula NGC 2174 Orion 6067n2031 Nebula NGC 2175 Orion 6067n2031 Nebula NGC 2179 Lepus 6059s2144 Galaxy NGC 2182 Monoceros 6071s619 Nebula NGC 2185 Monoceros 6087s612 Nebula NGC 2186 Orion 6094n527 Cluster NGC 2188 Columba 6083s3405 Galaxy NGC 2192 Auriga 6110n3950 Cluster NGC 2194 Orion 6110n1250 Cluster NGC 2196 Lepus 6101s2147 Galaxy NGC 2204 Canis Major 6135s1835 Cluster NGC 2207 Canis Major 6143s2121 Galaxy NGC 2215 Monoceros 6184s716 Cluster NGC 2217 Canis Major 6187s2714 Galaxy NGC 2223 Canis Major 6224s2249 Galaxy NGC 2232 Monoceros 6241s443 Cluster NGC 2236 Monoceros 6270n653 Cluster NGC 2237 Monoceros 6296n440 Nebula NGC 2243 Canis Major 6276s3115 Cluster NGC 2244 Monoceros 6297n454 Cluster NGC 2245 Monoceros 6299n1012 Nebula NGC 2251 Monoceros 6320n824 Cluster NGC 2259 Monoceros 6358n1055 Cluster NGC 2261 Monoceros 6364n846 Nebula NGC 2262 Monoceros 6358n114 Cluster NGC 2264 Monoceros 6384n956 Cluster NGC 2266 Gemini 6405n2702 Cluster NGC 2268 Camelopardalis 7013n8430 Galaxy NGC 2276 Cepheus 7110n8552 Galaxy NGC 2280 Canis Major 6428s2735 Galaxy NGC 2281 Auriga 6458n4107 Cluster NGC 2282 Monoceros 6443n123 Cluster NGC 2283 Canis Major 6438s1809 Galaxy NGC 2287 M41 Canis Major 6449s2042 Cluster NGC 2298 Puppis 6472s3557 Globular star cluster NGC 2300 Cepheus 7165n8550 Galaxy NGC 2301 Monoceros 6492n31 Cluster NGC 2302 Monoceros 6485s710 Cluster NGC 2304 Gemini 6523n1805 Cluster NGC 2309 Monoceros 6538s708 Cluster NGC 2310 Puppis 6524s4048 Galaxy NGC 2314 Camelopardalis 7038n7519 Galaxy NGC 2323 M50 Monoceros 7005s816 Cluster NGC 2324 Monoceros 7004n108 Cluster NGC 2325 Canis Major 7007s2838 Galaxy NGC 2327 Canis Major 7019s1114 Nebula NGC 2336 Camelopardalis 7162n8020 Galaxy NGC 2339 Gemini 7054n1852 Galaxy NGC 2343 Monoceros 7059s1034 Cluster NGC 2347 Camelopardalis 7116n6454 Galaxy NGC 2353 Monoceros 7123s1012 Cluster NGC 2354 Canis Major 7122s2538 Cluster NGC 2355 Gemini 7142n1352 Cluster NGC 2359 Canis Major 7154s1307 Nebula NGC 2360 Canis Major 7154s1533 Cluster NGC 2362 Canis Major 7166s2452 Cluster NGC 2366 Camelopardalis 7236n6908 Galaxy NGC 2369 Dorado 7160s6216 Galaxy NGC 2371 Gemini 7224n2935 Planetary nebula NGC 2372 Gemini 7224n2935 Planetary nebula NGC 2374 Canis Major 7217s1309 Cluster NGC 2383 Canis Major 7226s2050 Cluster NGC 2392 Gemini 7262n2101 Planetary nebula NGC 2403 Camelopardalis 7320n6543 Galaxy NGC 2419 Lynx 7348n3900 Globular star cluster NGC 2420 Gemini 7354n2141 Cluster NGC 2421 Puppis 7341s2030 Cluster NGC 2422 M47 Puppis 7343s1422 Cluster NGC 2423 Puppis 7348s1345 Cluster NGC 2427 Puppis 7350s4730 Galaxy NGC 2432 Puppis 7387s1858 Cluster NGC 2433 Puppis 8050s2945 Cluster NGC 2437 M46 Puppis 7396s1442 Cluster NGC 2438 Puppis 7396s1436 Planetary nebula NGC 2439 Puppis 7389s3132 Cluster NGC 2440 Puppis 7399s1805 Planetary nebula NGC 2441 Camelopardalis 7471n7306 Galaxy NGC 2447 M93 Puppis 7424s2345 Cluster NGC 2451 Puppis 7436s3751 Cluster NGC 2452 Puppis 7456s2713 Planetary nebula NGC 2455 Puppis 7468s2110 Cluster NGC 2460 Camelopardalis 7527n6031 Galaxy NGC 2467 Puppis 7513s2616 Nebula NGC 2474 Lynx 7538n5333 Planetary nebula NGC 2477 Puppis 7505s3825 Cluster NGC 2479 Puppis 7547s1735 Cluster NGC 2482 Puppis 7528s2410 Cluster NGC 2489 Puppis 7562s2956 Cluster NGC 2500 Lynx 7582n5054 Galaxy NGC 2506 Monoceros 7577s1029 Cluster NGC 2509 Puppis 7585s1856 Cluster NGC 2516 Carina 7597s6044 Cluster NGC 2523 Camelopardalis 8092n7345 Galaxy NGC 2525 Puppis 8033s1117 Galaxy NGC 2527 Puppis 8033s2801 Cluster NGC 2537 Lynx 8097n4609 Galaxy NGC 2539 Puppis 8084s1241 Cluster NGC 2541 Lynx 8111n4915 Galaxy NGC 2545 Cancer 8113n2130 Galaxy NGC 2546 Puppis 8101s3732 Cluster NGC 2547 Vela 8089s4907 Cluster NGC 2548 M48 Hydra 8112s538 Cluster NGC 2549 Lynx 8149n5758 Galaxy NGC 2551 Camelopardalis 8188n7335 Galaxy NGC 2552 Lynx 8154n5011 Galaxy NGC 2567 Puppis 8166s3029 Cluster NGC 2568 Puppis 8184s3658 Cluster NGC 2571 Puppis 8169s2935 Cluster NGC 2580 Puppis 8194s3009 Cluster NGC 2587 Puppis 8213s2920 Cluster NGC 2608 Cancer 8322n2838 Galaxy NGC 2610 Hydra 8312s1558 Planetary nebula NGC 2613 Pyxis 8312s2248 Galaxy NGC 2623 Cancer 8354n2556 Galaxy NGC 2626 Vela 8338s4028 Nebula NGC 2627 Pyxis 8352s2946 Cluster NGC 2632 M44 Cancer 8375n1952 Cluster NGC 2633 Camelopardalis 8427n7418 Galaxy NGC 2635 Pyxis 8365s3435 Cluster NGC 2639 Ursa Major 8401n5024 Galaxy NGC 2642 Hydra 8383s357 Galaxy NGC 2646 Camelopardalis 8446n7340 Galaxy NGC 2654 Ursa Major 8443n6028 Galaxy NGC 2655 Camelopardalis 8494n7825 Galaxy NGC 2658 Pyxis 8414s3229 Cluster NGC 2659 Vela 8409s4446 Cluster NGC 2660 Vela 8410s4702 Cluster NGC 2670 Vela 8446s4836 Cluster NGC 2671 Vela 8444s4142 Cluster NGC 2672 Cancer 8466n1916 Galaxy NGC 2681 Ursa Major 8500n5131 Galaxy NGC 2682 M67 Cancer 8483n1200 Cluster NGC 2683 Lynx 8496n3338 Galaxy NGC 2685 Ursa Major 8522n5859 Galaxy NGC 2693 Ursa Major 8535n5133 Galaxy NGC 2701 Ursa Major 8555n5359 Galaxy NGC 2712 Lynx 8562n4507 Galaxy NGC 2713 Hydra 8548n308 Galaxy NGC 2715 Camelopardalis 9020n7816 Galaxy NGC 2732 Camelopardalis 09073n7924 Galaxy NGC 2742 Ursa Major 9037n6041 Galaxy NGC 2748 Camelopardalis 9082n7641 Galaxy NGC 2749 Cancer 9025n1831 Galaxy NGC 2763 Hydra 9045s1517 Galaxy NGC 2764 Cancer 9054n2139 Galaxy NGC 2768 Ursa Major 9078n6016 Galaxy NGC 2775 Cancer 9077n715 Galaxy NGC 2776 Lynx 9089n4511 Galaxy NGC 2781 Hydra 9091s1436 Galaxy NGC 2782 Lynx 9109n4019 Galaxy NGC 2784 Hydra 9101s2358 Galaxy NGC 2787 Ursa Major 9149n6925 Galaxy NGC 2792 Vela 9106s4214 Planetary nebula NGC 2793 Lynx 9137n3439 Galaxy NGC 2798 Lynx 9144n4210 Galaxy NGC 2808 Carina 9109s6439 Globular star cluster NGC 2811 Hydra 9139s1606 Galaxy NGC 2815 Hydra 9141s2324 Galaxy NGC 2818 Pyxis 9140s3624 Cluster NGC 2832 Lynx 9168n3359 Galaxy NGC 2835 Hydra 9157s2208 Galaxy NGC 2841 Ursa Major 9186n5112 Galaxy NGC 2844 Lynx 9186n4022 Galaxy NGC 2848 Hydra 9178s1618 Galaxy NGC 2855 Hydra 9191s1141 Galaxy NGC 2859 Leo Minor 9213n3444 Galaxy NGC 2865 Hydra 9212s2258 Galaxy NGC 2867 Carina 9200s5806 Planetary nebula NGC 2880 Ursa Major 9257n6244 Galaxy NGC 2888 Pyxis 9242s2748 Galaxy NGC 2899 Vela 9255s5554 Planetary nebula NGC 2902 Hydra 9285s1430 Galaxy NGC 2903 Leo 9293n2144 Galaxy NGC 2907 Hydra 9293s1632 Galaxy NGC 2910 Vela 9284s5241 Cluster NGC 2911 Leo 9310n1022 Galaxy NGC 2924 Hydra 9328s1611 Galaxy NGC 2925 Vela 9319s5313 Cluster NGC 2935 Hydra 9345s2054 Galaxy NGC 2942 Leo Minor 9362n3414 Galaxy NGC 2950 Ursa Major 9391n5905 Galaxy NGC 2955 Leo Minor 9383n3607 Galaxy NGC 2962 Hydra 9383n524 Galaxy NGC 2964 Leo 9400n3205 Galaxy NGC 2967 Sextans 9395n34 Galaxy NGC 2968 Leo 9402n3210 Galaxy NGC 2974 Sextans 9400s329 Galaxy NGC 2976 Ursa Major 9432n6808 Galaxy NGC 2983 Hydra 9413s2015 Galaxy NGC 2985 Ursa Major 9460n7231 Galaxy NGC 2986 Hydra 9420s2103 Galaxy NGC 2989 Hydra 9431s1809 Galaxy NGC 2990 Sextans 9436n557 Galaxy NGC 2992 Hydra 9433s1406 Galaxy NGC 2993 Hydra 9434s1408 Galaxy NGC 2997 Antlia 9435s3058 Galaxy NGC 2998 Ursa Major 9458n4419 Galaxy NGC 3001 Antlia 9441s3013 Galaxy NGC 3003 Leo Minor 9456n3339 Galaxy NGC 3021 Leo Minor 9480n3347 Galaxy NGC 3031 M81 Ursa Major 9515n6918 Galaxy NGC 3032 Leo 9492n2928 Galaxy NGC 3034 M82 Ursa Major 9519n6956 Galaxy NGC 3038 Antlia 9492s3232 Galaxy NGC 3041 Leo 9503n1655 Galaxy NGC 3043 Ursa Major 9528n5932 Galaxy NGC 3044 Sextans 9510n149 Galaxy NGC 3052 Hydra 9520s1824 Galaxy NGC 3054 Hydra 9521s2528 Galaxy NGC 3055 Sextans 9527n431 Galaxy NGC 3056 Antlia 9523s2804 Galaxy NGC 3059 Carina 9495s7341 Galaxy NGC 3065 Ursa Major 9577n7225 Galaxy NGC 3067 Leo 9554n3237 Galaxy NGC 3077 Ursa Major 9594n6858 Galaxy NGC 3078 Hydra 9562s2641 Galaxy NGC 3079 Ursa Major 9586n5557 Galaxy NGC 3081 Hydra 9568s2233 Galaxy NGC 3087 Antlia 9570s3359 Galaxy NGC 3089 Antlia 9573s2804 Galaxy NGC 3091 Hydra 9578s1923 Galaxy NGC 3095 Antlia 9579s3118 Galaxy NGC 3098 Leo 9595n2458 Galaxy NGC 3105 Vela 9589s5432 Cluster NGC 3109 Hydra 10008s2555 Galaxy NGC 3114 Carina 10011s5953 Cluster NGC 3115 Sextans 10028s728 Galaxy NGC 3124 Hydra 10042s1900 Galaxy NGC 3125 Antlia 10042s2941 Galaxy NGC 3132 Antlia/Vela 10049s4011 Planetary nebula NGC 3136 Carina 10045s6708 Galaxy NGC 3145 Hydra 10077s1210 Galaxy NGC 3147 Draco 10128n7339 Galaxy NGC 3156 Sextans 10101n322 Galaxy NGC 3158 Leo Minor 10109n3900 Galaxy NGC 3162 Leo 10107n2259 Galaxy NGC 3166 Sextans 10112n340 Galaxy NGC 3169 Sextans 10117n343 Galaxy NGC 3175 Antlia 10124s2838 Galaxy NGC 3177 Leo 10139n2122 Galaxy NGC 3184 Ursa Major 10152n4140 Galaxy NGC 3185 Leo 10149n2156 Galaxy NGC 3187 Leo 10150n2208 Galaxy NGC 3190 Leo 10154n2205 Galaxy NGC 3193 Leo 10157n2209 Galaxy NGC 3195 Chamaeleon 10101s8037 Planetary nebula NGC 3198 Ursa Major 10167n4549 Galaxy NGC 3199 Carina 10151s5743 Nebula NGC 3200 Hydra 10162s1744 Galaxy NGC 3201 Vela 10155s4609 Globular star cluster NGC 3203 Hydra 10163s2627 Galaxy NGC 3206 Ursa Major 10185n5711 Galaxy NGC 3211 Carina 10162s6226 Planetary nebula NGC 3223 Antlia 10194s3400 Galaxy NGC 3226 Leo 10207n2009 Galaxy NGC 3227 Leo 10207n2007 Galaxy NGC 3228 Vela 10197s5129 Cluster NGC 3241 Antlia 10221s3213 Galaxy NGC 3242 Hydra 10224s1823 Planetary nebula NGC 3245 Leo Minor 10245n2846 Galaxy NGC 3250 Antlia 10243s3941 Galaxy NGC 3254 Leo Minor 10265n2945 Galaxy NGC 3256 Vela 10257s4338 Galaxy NGC 3258 Antlia 10266s3520 Galaxy NGC 3259 Ursa Major 10292n6518 Galaxy NGC 3261 Vela 10268s4423 Galaxy NGC 3268 Antlia 10276s3506 Galaxy NGC 3271 Antlia 10282s3506 Galaxy NGC 3274 Leo 10296n2756 Galaxy NGC 3275 Antlia 10286s3628 Galaxy NGC 3277 Leo Minor 10302n2846 Galaxy NGC 3281 Antlia 10297s3436 Galaxy NGC 3285 Hydra 10313s2712 Galaxy NGC 3287 Leo 10321n2155 Galaxy NGC 3293 Carina 10315s5758 Cluster NGC 3294 Leo Minor 10334n3735 Galaxy NGC 3300 Leo 10340n1426 Galaxy NGC 3301 Leo 10343n2208 Galaxy NGC 3309 Hydra 10343s2716 Galaxy NGC 3310 Ursa Major 10357n5346 Galaxy NGC 3311 Hydra 10344s2717 Galaxy NGC 3312 Hydra 10348s2720 Galaxy NGC 3318 Vela 10351s4122 Galaxy NGC 3319 Ursa Major 10364n4156 Galaxy NGC 3320 Ursa Major 10367n4740 Galaxy NGC 3324 Carina 10355s5822 Nebula NGC 3329 Draco 10406n7705 Galaxy NGC 3338 Leo 10395n1400 Galaxy NGC 3344 Leo Minor 10407n2511 Galaxy NGC 3346 Leo 10410n1509 Galaxy NGC 3347 Antlia 10405s3606 Galaxy NGC 3348 Ursa Major 10435n7307 Galaxy NGC 3351 M95 Leo 10413n1158 Galaxy NGC 3353 Ursa Major 10423n5614 Galaxy NGC 3358 Antlia 10413s3607 Galaxy NGC 3359 Ursa Major 10434n6330 Galaxy NGC 3367 Leo 10440n1401 Galaxy NGC 3368 M96 Leo 10442n1205 Galaxy NGC 3370 Leo 10445n1732 Galaxy NGC 3372 Carina 10431s5925 Planetary nebula NGC 3377 Leo 10451n1415 Galaxy NGC 3379 M105 Leo 10452n1251 Galaxy NGC 3384 Leo 10457n1254 Galaxy NGC 3389 Leo 10458n1248 Galaxy NGC 3390 Hydra 10458s3117 Galaxy NGC 3395 Leo Minor 10471n3315 Galaxy NGC 3396 Leo Minor 10472n3316 Galaxy NGC 3403 Draco 10501n7357 Galaxy NGC 3412 Leo 10483n1341 Galaxy NGC 3414 Leo Minor 10486n2815 Galaxy NGC 3415 Ursa Major 10489n4359 Galaxy NGC 3423 Sextans 10487n607 Galaxy NGC 3430 Leo Minor 10495n3314 Galaxy NGC 3432 Leo Minor 10497n3654 Galaxy NGC 3433 Leo 10494n1026 Galaxy NGC 3437 Leo 10499n2311 Galaxy NGC 3445 Ursa Major 10516n5715 Galaxy NGC 3448 Ursa Major 10517n5434 Galaxy NGC 3449 Antlia 10506s3240 Galaxy NGC 3455 Leo 10518n1733 Galaxy NGC 3458 Ursa Major 10530n5722 Galaxy NGC 3464 Hydra 10522s2049 Galaxy NGC 3478 Ursa Major 10565n4623 Galaxy NGC 3485 Leo 10574n1506 Galaxy NGC 3486 Leo Minor 10578n2915 Galaxy NGC 3489 Leo 10577n1410 Galaxy NGC 3495 Leo 10586n353 Galaxy NGC 3503 Carina 10593s6027 Nebula NGC 3504 Leo Minor 11005n2815 Galaxy NGC 3506 Leo 11006n1121 Galaxy NGC 3510 Leo Minor 11010n2909 Galaxy NGC 3511 Crater 11008s2250 Galaxy NGC 3512 Leo Minor 11013n2818 Galaxy NGC 3513 Crater 11011s2258 Galaxy NGC 3516 Ursa Major 11034n7250 Galaxy NGC 3521 Leo 11032n14 Galaxy NGC 3532 Carina 11034s5824 Cluster NGC 3547 Leo 11073n1100 Galaxy NGC 3549 Ursa Major 11082n5339 Galaxy NGC 3556 Ursa Major 11087n5557 Galaxy NGC 3557 Centaurus 11075s3716 Galaxy NGC 3571 Crater 11089s1801 Galaxy NGC 3572 Carina 11073s5958 Cluster NGC 3581 Carina 11101s6100 Nebula NGC 3583 Ursa Major 11114n4839 Galaxy NGC 3585 Hydra 11109s2629 Galaxy NGC 3587 M97 Ursa Major 11120n5518 Galaxy NGC 3590 Carina 11098s6032 Cluster NGC 3593 Leo 11120n1306 Galaxy NGC 3596 Leo 11124n1504 Galaxy NGC 3605 Leo 11142n1818 Galaxy NGC 3607 Leo 11143n1820 Galaxy NGC 3608 Leo 11144n1826 Galaxy NGC 3610 Ursa Major 11156n5904 Galaxy NGC 3611 Leo 11149n450 Galaxy NGC 3613 Ursa Major 11157n5817 Galaxy NGC 3614 Ursa Major 11156n4602 Galaxy NGC 3619 Ursa Major 11165n5802 Galaxy NGC 3621 Hydra 11159s3232 Galaxy NGC 3623 M65 Leo 11163n1323 Galaxy NGC 3626 Leo 11175n1838 Galaxy NGC 3627 M66 Leo 11176n1317 Galaxy NGC 3628 Leo 11177n1353 Galaxy NGC 3629 Leo 11179n2715 Galaxy NGC 3630 Leo 11177n315 Galaxy NGC 3631 Ursa Major 11183n5328 Galaxy NGC 3637 Crater 11181s958 Galaxy NGC 3640 Leo 11185n331 Galaxy NGC 3642 Ursa Major 11196n5921 Galaxy NGC 3646 Leo 11192n2027 Galaxy NGC 3655 Leo 11203n1651 Galaxy NGC 3659 Leo 1211n1805 Galaxy NGC 3664 Leo 11217n335 Galaxy NGC 3665 Ursa Major 11221n3902 Galaxy NGC 3666 Leo 11219n1137 Galaxy NGC 3672 Crater 11225s932 Galaxy NGC 3673 Hydra 11228s2628 Galaxy NGC 3675 Ursa Major 11235n4352 Galaxy NGC 3680 Centarus 11233s4258 Cluster NGC 3681 Leo 11239n1709 Galaxy NGC 3683 Ursa Major 11248n5709 Galaxy NGC 3684 Leo 11245n1718 Galaxy NGC 3686 Leo 11251n1730 Galaxy NGC 3687 Ursa Major 11253n2947 Galaxy NGC 3689 Leo 11255n2556 Galaxy NGC 3690 Ursa Major 11260n5849 Galaxy NGC 3691 Leo 11255n1711 Galaxy NGC 3699 Centarus 11256s5939 Nebula NGC 3705 Leo 11276n933 Galaxy NGC 3706 Centarus 11273s3608 Galaxy NGC 3717 Hydra 11290s2959 Galaxy NGC 3718 Ursa Major 11299n5321 Galaxy NGC 3720 Leo 11298n105 Galaxy NGC 3726 Ursa Major 11307n4719 Galaxy NGC 3729 Ursa Major 11310n5324 Galaxy NGC 3732 Crater 11317s934 Galaxy NGC 3735 Draco 11331n7048 Galaxy NGC 3738 Ursa Major 11331n5448 Galaxy NGC 3756 Ursa Major 11341n5434 Galaxy NGC 3766 Centarus 11340s6119 Cluster NGC 3769 Ursa Major 11351n4811 Galaxy NGC 3773 Leo 11356n1223 Galaxy NGC 3780 Ursa Major 11367n5633 Galaxy NGC 3782 Ursa Major 11369n4644 Galaxy NGC 3783 Centarus 11365s3728 Galaxy NGC 3810 Leo 11384n1145 Galaxy NGC 3813 Ursa Major 11387n3649 Galaxy NGC 3818 Virgo 11394s553 Galaxy NGC 3865 Crater 11427s856 Galaxy NGC 3872 Leo 11432n1403 Galaxy NGC 3877 Ursa Major 11435n4746 Galaxy NGC 3882 Centarus 11436s5605 Cluster NGC 3885 Hydra 11443s2739 Galaxy NGC 3887 Crater 11446s1635 Galaxy NGC 3888 Ursa Major 11450n5615 Galaxy NGC 3892 Crater 11455s1041 Galaxy NGC 3893 Ursa Major 11461n4900 Galaxy NGC 3894 Ursa Major 11462n5942 Galaxy NGC 3898 Ursa Major 11467n5622 Galaxy NGC 3900 Leo 11466n2717 Galaxy NGC 3904 Hydra 11467s2902 Galaxy NGC 3909 Centarus 11470s4759 Cluster NGC 3912 Leo 11475n2646 Galaxy NGC 3917 Ursa Major 11483m5206 Galaxy NGC 3918 Centarus 11478s5654 Planetary nebula NGC 3923 Hydra 11485s2833 Galaxy NGC 3936 Hydra 11499s2637 Galaxy NGC 3938 Ursa Major 11502n4424 Galaxy NGC 3941 Ursa Major 11503n3716 Galaxy NGC 3945 Ursa Major 11506n6057 Galaxy NGC 3949 Ursa Major 11511n4808 Galaxy NGC 3952 Virgo 11511s343 Galaxy NGC 3953 Ursa Major 11512n5237 Galaxy NGC 3955 Crater 11515s2254 Galaxy NGC 3956 Crater 11516s2018 Galaxy NGC 3957 Crater 11516s1917 Galaxy NGC 3960 Centarus 11484s5525 Cluster NGC 3962 Crater 11522s1342 Galaxy NGC 3963 Ursa Major 11524n5846 Galaxy NGC 3976 Virgo 11534n702 Galaxy NGC 3981 Crater 11537s1937 Galaxy NGC 3982 Ursa Major 11539n5524 Galaxy NGC 3985 Ursa Major 11541n4837 Galaxy NGC 3992 Ursa Major 11550n5339 Galaxy NGC 3995 Ursa Major 11552n3235 Galaxy NGC 3998 Ursa Major 11553n5544 Galaxy NGC 4008 Leo 11557n2828 Galaxy NGC 4013 Ursa Major 11560n4413 Galaxy NGC 4024 Corvus 11560s1805 Galaxy NGC 4026 Ursa Major 11569n5114 Galaxy NGC 4027 Corvus 11570s1859 Galaxy NGC 4030 Virgo 11578s49 Galaxy NGC 4032 Coma Berenices 11580n2021 Galaxy NGC 4033 Corvus 11580s1734 Galaxy NGC 4036 Ursa Major 11589n6210 Galaxy NGC 4037 Virgo 11588n1341 Galaxy NGC 4038 Corvus 11593s1835 Galaxy NGC 4041 Ursa Major 11597n6225 Galaxy NGC 4045 Virgo 12002n215 Galaxy NGC 4047 Ursa Major 12002n4855 Galaxy NGC 4050 Corvus 12004s1606 Galaxy NGC 4051 Ursa Major 12006n4448 Galaxy NGC 4052 Crux 12006s6254 Cluster NGC 4062 Ursa Major 12015n3210 Galaxy NGC 4064 Coma Berenices 12016n1843 Galaxy NGC 4073 Virgo 12019n211 Galaxy NGC 4085 Ursa Major 12028n5038 Galaxy NGC 4088 Ursa Major 12030n5049 Galaxy NGC 4094 Corvus 12033s1416 Galaxy NGC 4096 Ursa Major 12035n4745 Galaxy NGC 4100 Ursa Major 12036n4951 Galaxy NGC 4102 Ursa Major 12038n5259 Galaxy NGC 4103 Crux 12041s6058 Cluster NGC 4105 Hydra 12041s2930 Galaxy NGC 4106 Hydra 12042s2931 Galaxy NGC 4111 Ursa Major/Canes Venatici 12045n4321 Galaxy NGC 4116 Virgo 12051n258 Galaxy NGC 4123 Virgo 12056n309 Galaxy NGC 4124 Virgo 12056n1040 Galaxy NGC 4125 Draco 12057n6527 Galaxy NGC 4128 Draco 12061n6903 Galaxy NGC 4129 Virgo 12063s845 Galaxy NGC 4133 Draco 12065n7511 Galaxy NGC 4136 Coma Berenices 12067n3012 Galaxy NGC 4138 Canes Venatici 12070n4358 Galaxy NGC 4143 Canes Venatici 12071n4249 Galaxy NGC 4144 Ursa Major 12075n4644 Galaxy NGC 4145 Canes Venatici 12075n4010 Galaxy NGC 4147 Coma Berenices 12076n1849 Globular star cluster NGC 4150 Coma Berenices 12080n3041 Galaxy NGC 4151 Canes Venatici 12080n3941 Galaxy NGC 4152 Coma Berenices 12081n1619 Galaxy NGC 4157 Ursa Major 12086n5046 Galaxy NGC 4158 Coma Berenices 12086n2027 Galaxy NGC 4160 Canes Venatici 12091n4401 Galaxy NGC 4162 Coma Berenices 12094n2424 Galaxy NGC 4168 Virgo 12098n1329 Galaxy NGC 4178 Virgo 12102n1109 Galaxy NGC 4179 Virgo 12103n135 Galaxy NGC 4189 Virgo 12112n1342 Galaxy NGC 4190 Canes Venatici 12111n3654 Galaxy NGC 4192 M98 Coma Berenices 12113n1511 Galaxy NGC 4203 Coma Berenices 12125n3329 Galaxy NGC 4212 Coma Berenices 12131n1411 Galaxy NGC 4214 Canes Venatici 12131n3636 Galaxy NGC 4215 Virgo 12134n641 Galaxy NGC 4216 Virgo 12134n1325 Galaxy NGC 4217 Canes Venatici 12133n4722 Galaxy NGC 4219 Centarus 12138s4303 Galaxy NGC 4220 Canes Venatici 12137n4810 Galaxy NGC 4224 Virgo 12140n744 Galaxy NGC 4233 Virgo 12146n754 Galaxy NGC 4234 Virgo 12146n358 Galaxy NGC 4235 Virgo 12146n728 Galaxy NGC 4236 Draco 12143n6945 Galaxy NGC 4237 Coma Berenices 12147n1536 Galaxy NGC 4242 Canes Venatici 12149n4554 Galaxy NGC 4244 Canes Venatici 12150n3805 Galaxy NGC 4245 Coma Berenices 12152n2953 Galaxy NGC 4246 Canes Venatici 12210n4716 Galaxy NGC 4251 Coma Berenices 12157n2827 Galaxy NGC 4254 M99 Coma Berenices 12163n1442 Galaxy NGC 4256 Draco 12164n6611 Galaxy NGC 4258 Canes Venatici 12165n4735 Galaxy NGC 4260 Virgo 12168n623 Galaxy NGC 4261 Virgo 12168n606 Galaxy NGC 4262 Coma Berenices 12170n1509 Galaxy NGC 4267 Virgo 12172n1303 Galaxy NGC 4269 Canes Venatici 12221n3939 Galaxy NGC 4270 Virgo 12173n544 Galaxy NGC 4273 Virgo 12174n537 Galaxy NGC 4274 Coma Berenices 12174n2953 Galaxy NGC 4278 Coma Berenices 12177n2934 Galaxy NGC 4281 Virgo 12178n540 Galaxy NGC 4283 Coma Berenices 12179n2935 Galaxy NGC 4290 Ursa Major 12185n5822 Galaxy NGC 4291 Draco 12181n7540 Galaxy NGC 4293 Coma Berenices 12187n1840 Galaxy NGC 4294 Virgo 12187n1147 Galaxy NGC 4298 Coma Berenices 12190n1453 Galaxy NGC 4299 Virgo 12192n1147 Galaxy NGC 4302 Coma Berenices 12192n1453 Galaxy NGC 4303 M61 Virgo 12194n445 Galaxy NGC 4304 Hydra 12196s3312 Galaxy NGC 4307 Virgo 12195n920 Galaxy NGC 4313 Virgo 12201n1204 Galaxy NGC 4314 Coma Berenices 12200n3010 Galaxy NGC 4319 Draco 12197n7536 Galaxy NGC 4321 M100 Coma Berenices 12204n1606 Galaxy NGC 4324 Virgo 12206n531 Galaxy NGC 4337 Crux 12212s5750 Cluster NGC 4339 Virgo 12210n622 Galaxy NGC 4340 Coma Berenices 12210n1700 Galaxy NGC 4342 Virgo 12211n722 Galaxy NGC 4348 Virgo 12213s310 Galaxy NGC 4349 Crux 12214s6137 Cluster NGC 4350 Coma Berenices 12214n1658 Galaxy NGC 4361 Corvus 12219s1829 Planetary nebula NGC 4365 Virgo 12220n736 Galaxy NGC 4371 Virgo 12224n1159 Galaxy NGC 4372 Musca 12230s7224 Globular star cluster NGC 4373 Centarus 12227s3928 Galaxy NGC 4374 M84 Virgo 12226n1310 Galaxy NGC 4377 Coma Berenices 12227n1502 Galaxy NGC 4378 Virgo 12228n512 Galaxy NGC 4379 Coma Berenices 12228n1553 Galaxy NGC 4380 Virgo 12229n1017 Galaxy NGC 4382 M85 Coma Berenices 12228n1828 Galaxy NGC 4383 Coma Berenices 12230n1645 Galaxy NGC 4385 Virgo 12231n50 Galaxy NGC 4386 Draco 12224n7548 Galaxy NGC 4388 Virgo 12233n1256 Galaxy NGC 4389 Canes Venatici 12231n4558 Galaxy NGC 4394 Coma Berenices 12234n1829 Galaxy NGC 4395 Canes Venatici 12234n3349 Galaxy NGC 4402 Virgo 12236n1324 Galaxy NGC 4406 M86 Virgo 12237n1313 Galaxy NGC 4412 Virgo 12240n414 Galaxy NGC 4413 Virgo 12240n1253 Galaxy NGC 4414 Coma Berenices 12240n3130 Galaxy NGC 4417 Virgo 122243n952 Galaxy NGC 4419 Coma Berenices 12244n1519 Galaxy NGC 4420 Virgo 12244n246 Galaxy NGC 4424 Virgo 12246n942 Galaxy NGC 4425 Virgo 12247n1301 Galaxy NGC 4428 Virgo 12249s754 Galaxy NGC 4429 Virgo 12249n1123 Galaxy NGC 4433 Virgo 12250s801 Galaxy NGC 4435 Virgo 12252n1321 Galaxy NGC 4438 Virgo 12253n1317 Galaxy NGC 4439 Crux 12254s5949 Cluster NGC 4442 Virgo 12256n1005 Galaxy NGC 4448 Coma Berenices 12258n2854 Galaxy NGC 4449 Canes Venatici 12258n4422 Galaxy NGC 4450 Coma Berenices 12259n1721 Galaxy NGC 4452 Virgo 12262n1202 Galaxy NGC 4454 Virgo 12263s140 Galaxy NGC 4455 Coma Berenices 12262n2306 Galaxy NGC 4457 Virgo 12264n351 Galaxy NGC 4459 Coma Berenices 12265n1415 Galaxy NGC 4460 Canes Venatici 12264n4508 Galaxy NGC 4461 Virgo 12266n1328 Galaxy NGC 4462 Corvus 12267s2254 Galaxy NGC 4463 Crux/Musca 12359s6020 Cluster NGC 4469 Virgo 12270n902 Galaxy NGC 4472 M49 Virgo 12273n816 Galaxy NGC 4473 Virgo 12273n1342 Galaxy NGC 4474 Coma Berenices 12274n1421 Galaxy NGC 4476 Virgo 12275n1237 Galaxy NGC 4477 Coma Berenices 12276n1355 Galaxy NGC 4478 Virgo 12278n1236 Galaxy NGC 4483 Virgo 12282n917 Galaxy NGC 4485 Canes Venatici 12282n4158 Galaxy NGC 4486 M87 Virgo 12283n1240 Galaxy NGC 4487 Virgo 12283s748 Galaxy NGC 4490 Canes Venatici 12283n4155 Galaxy NGC 4494 Coma Berenices 12289n2603 Galaxy NGC 4496 Virgo 12291n412 Galaxy NGC 4501 M88 Coma Berenices 12295n1442 Galaxy NGC 4503 Virgo 12296n1127 Galaxy NGC 4504 Virgo 12297s717 Galaxy NGC 4507 Centarus 12329s3938 Galaxy NGC 4517 Virgo 12302n23 Galaxy NGC 4519 Virgo 12310n856 Galaxy NGC 4522 Virgo 12312n927 Galaxy NGC 4526 Virgo 12316n758 Galaxy NGC 4527 Virgo 12316n256 Galaxy NGC 4532 Virgo 12318n644 Galaxy NGC 4535 Virgo 12318n828 Galaxy NGC 4536 Virgo 12319n228 Galaxy NGC 4540 Coma Berenices 12323n1550 Galaxy NGC 4546 Virgo 12329s331 Galaxy NGC 4548 Coma Berenices 12329n1446 Galaxy NGC 4550 Virgo 12329n1230 Galaxy NGC 4552 M89 Virgo 12331n1250 Galaxy NGC 4559 Coma Berenices 12335n2814 Galaxy NGC 4561 Coma Berenices 12236n1936 Galaxy NGC 4564 Virgo 12340n1143 Galaxy NGC 4565 Coma Berenices 12339n2616 Galaxy NGC 4567 Virgo 12340n1132 Galaxy NGC 4568 Virgo 12341n1131 Galaxy NGC 4569 M90 Virgo 12343n1326 Galaxy NGC 4570 Virgo 12344n731 Galaxy NGC 4571 Coma Berenices 12343n1428 Galaxy NGC 4578 Virgo 12350n950 Galaxy NGC 4579 M58 Virgo 12351n1205 Galaxy NGC 4580 Virgo 12353n538 Galaxy NGC 4586 Virgo 12359n435 Galaxy NGC 4589 Draco 12356n7428 Galaxy NGC 4590 M68 Hydra 12368s2629 Globular star cluster NGC 4592 Virgo 12367s16 Galaxy NGC 4593 Virgo 12370s504 Galaxy NGC 4594 Corvus 12373s1121 Galaxy NGC 4594 M104 Virgo 12373s1121 Galaxy NGC 4595 Coma Berenices 12373n1534 Galaxy NGC 4596 Virgo 12374n1027 Galaxy NGC 4597 Virgo 12375s532 Galaxy NGC 4602 Virgo 12380s452 Galaxy NGC 4603 Centarus 12383s4042 Galaxy NGC 4605 Ursa Major 12378n6153 Galaxy NGC 4608 Virgo 12387n1026 Galaxy NGC 4609 Crux 12394s6242 Cluster NGC 4612 Virgo 12390n735 Galaxy NGC 4618 Canes Venatici 12392n4125 Galaxy NGC 4621 M59 Virgo 12395n1155 Galaxy NGC 4623 Virgo 12396n756 Galaxy NGC 4630 Virgo 12400n414 Galaxy NGC 4631 Canes Venatici 12398n3249 Galaxy NGC 4632 Virgo 12400n11 Galaxy NGC 4635 Coma Berenices 12402n2012 Galaxy NGC 4636 Virgo 12403n257 Galaxy NGC 4638 Virgo 12402n1143 Galaxy NGC 4639 Virgo 12403n1331 Galaxy NGC 4643 Virgo 12408n215 Galaxy NGC 4645 Centarus 12413s4129 Galaxy NGC 4647 Virgo 12410n1151 Galaxy NGC 4649 M60 Virgo 12411n1149 Galaxy NGC 4651 Coma Berenices 12412m1640 Galaxy NGC 4653 Virgo 12414s18 Galaxy NGC 4654 Virgo 12414n1323 Galaxy NGC 4656 Canes Venatici 12416n3226 Galaxy NGC 4658 Virgo 12421s949 Galaxy NGC 4660 Virgo 12420n1126 Galaxy NGC 4665 Virgo 12426n319 Galaxy NGC 4666 Virgo 12426s12 Galaxy NGC 4668 Virgo 12430s17 Galaxy NGC 4670 Coma Berenices 12428n2723 Galaxy NGC 4679 Centarus 12448s3918 Galaxy NGC 4682 Virgo 12447s948 Galaxy NGC 4684 Virgo 12447s228 Galaxy NGC 4688 Virgo 12453n436 Galaxy NGC 4689 Coma Berenices 12452n1401 Galaxy NGC 4691 Virgo 12456s304 Galaxy NGC 4694 Virgo 12457n1115 Galaxy NGC 4696 Centarus 12461s4102 Galaxy NGC 4697 Virgo 12460s532 Galaxy NGC 4698 Virgo 12458n845 Galaxy NGC 4699 Virgo 12465s824 Galaxy NGC 4700 Virgo 12465s1108 Galaxy NGC 4701 Virgo 12466n339 Galaxy NGC 4710 Coma Berenices 12471n1526 Galaxy NGC 4712 Coma Berenices 12472n2544 Galaxy NGC 4713 Virgo 12475n535 Galaxy NGC 4725 Coma Berenices 12481n2546 Galaxy NGC 4731 Virgo 12484s608 Galaxy NGC 4736 M94 Canes Venatici 12486n4123 Galaxy NGC 4742 Virgo 12492s1012 Galaxy NGC 4747 Coma Berenices 12494n2601 Galaxy NGC 4750 Draco 12484n7309 Galaxy NGC 4753 Virgo 12498s55 Galaxy NGC 4754 Virgo 12497n1135 Galaxy NGC 4755 Crux 12506s6005 Cluster NGC 4756 Corvus 12503s1508 Galaxy NGC 4760 Virgo 12505s1013 Galaxy NGC 4762 Virgo 12504n1131 Galaxy NGC 4763 Corvus 12506s1643 Galaxy NGC 4765 Virgo 12507n445 Galaxy NGC 4767 Centarus 12512s3927 Galaxy NGC 4771 Virgo 12508n133 Galaxy NGC 4772 Virgo 12510n227 Galaxy NGC 4775 Virgo 12511s621 Galaxy NGC 4781 Virgo 12518s1016 Galaxy NGC 4782 Corvus 12520s1219 Galaxy NGC 4783 Corvus 12520s1218 Galaxy NGC 4786 Virgo 12520s635 Galaxy NGC 4790 Virgo 12522s958 Galaxy NGC 4793 Coma Berenices 12523n2913 Galaxy NGC 4795 Virgo 12525n820 Galaxy NGC 4800 Canes Venatici 12524n4648 Galaxy NGC 4802 Corvus 12532s1147 Galaxy NGC 4808 Virgo 12533n435 Galaxy NGC 4814 Ursa Major 12533n5837 Galaxy NGC 4815 Musca 12549s6441 Cluster NGC 4818 Virgo 12543s815 Galaxy NGC 4825 Virgo 12543s1234 Galaxy NGC 4826 M64 Coma Berenices 12543n2157 Galaxy NGC 4833 Musca 12560s7036 Globular star cluster NGC 4835 Centarus 12553s4559 Galaxy NGC 4845 Virgo 12555n151 Galaxy NGC 4852 Centarus 12571s5920 Cluster NGC 4856 Virgo 12567s1446 Galaxy NGC 4861 Canes Venatici 12567n3508 Galaxy NGC 4866 Virgo 12570n1427 Galaxy NGC 4868 Canes Venatici 12568n3735 Galaxy NGC 4874 Coma Berenices 12572n2814 Galaxy NGC 4880 Virgo 12577n1245 Galaxy NGC 4889 Coma Berenices 12577n2815 Galaxy NGC 4893 Virgo 12581s1309 Galaxy NGC 4899 Virgo 12583s1341 Galaxy NGC 4900 Virgo 12582n246 Galaxy NGC 4902 Virgo 12583s1415 Galaxy NGC 4904 Virgo 12584n15 Galaxy NGC 4914 Canes Venatici 12584n3735 Galaxy NGC 4915 Virgo 12588s416 Galaxy NGC 4928 Virgo 13003s749 Galaxy NGC 4933 Virgo 13012s1114 Galaxy NGC 4936 Centarus 13015s3015 Galaxy NGC 4939 Virgo 13017s1005 Galaxy NGC 4941 Virgo 13016s517 Galaxy NGC 4945 Centarus 13024s4913 Galaxy NGC 4947 Centarus 13026s3504 Galaxy NGC 4951 Virgo 13025s614 Galaxy NGC 4958 Virgo 13031s745 Galaxy NGC 4961 Coma Berenices 13034n2800 Galaxy NGC 4976 Centarus 13059s4914 Galaxy NGC 4981 Virgo 13061s631 Galaxy NGC 4984 Virgo 13064s1515 Galaxy NGC 4995 Virgo 13070s734 Galaxy NGC 4999 Virgo 13072n155 Galaxy NGC 5005 Canes Venatici 13085n3719 Galaxy NGC 5011 Centarus 13100s4250 Galaxy NGC 5012 Coma Berenices 13093n2311 Galaxy NGC 5016 Coma Berenices 13097n2421 Galaxy NGC 5017 Virgo 13103s1630 Galaxy NGC 5018 Virgo 13103s1915 Galaxy NGC 5024 M53 Coma Berenices 13105n1826 Globular star cluster NGC 5033 Canes Venatici 13112n3651 Galaxy NGC 5037 Virgo 13124s1620 Galaxy NGC 5044 Virgo 13128s1608 Galaxy NGC 5053 Coma Berenices 13139n1757 Globular star cluster NGC 5054 Virgo 13143s1623 Galaxy NGC 5055 M63 Canes Venatici 13135n4217 Galaxy NGC 5061 Hydra 13153s2636 Galaxy NGC 5064 Centarus 13160s4739 Galaxy NGC 5068 Virgo 13162s2047 Galaxy NGC 5074 Coma Berenices 13162n3144 Galaxy NGC 5077 Virgo 13169s1224 Galaxy NGC 5078 Hydra 13171s2709 Galaxy NGC 5084 Virgo 13175s2134 Galaxy NGC 5085 Hydra 13176s2409 Galaxy NGC 5087 Virgo 13177s2021 Galaxy NGC 5088 Virgo 13177s1219 Galaxy NGC 5090 Centarus 13183s4328 Galaxy NGC 5101 Hydra 13190s2711 Galaxy NGC 5102 Centarus 13191s3623 Galaxy NGC 5112 Canes Venatici 13196n3900 Galaxy NGC 5116 Coma Berenices 13205n2714 Galaxy NGC 5121 Centarus 13219s3725 Galaxy NGC 5128 Centarus 13224s4245 Galaxy NGC 5134 Virgo 13226s2051 Galaxy NGC 5135 Hydra 13229s2934 Galaxy NGC 5138 Centarus 13238s4713 Cluster NGC 5139 Centarus 13241s5845 Globular star cluster NGC 5147 Virgo 13237n222 Galaxy NGC 5150 Hydra 13249s2918 Galaxy NGC 5156 Centarus 13257s4839 Galaxy NGC 5161 Centarus 13263s3254 Galaxy NGC 5170 Virgo 13271s1742 Galaxy NGC 5172 Coma Berenices 13269n1719 Galaxy NGC 5188 Centarus 13286s3432 Galaxy NGC 5189 Musca 13299s6543 Nebula NGC 5193 Centarus 13291s3258 Galaxy NGC 5194 M51 Canes Venatici 13278n4727 Galaxy NGC 5195 Canes Venatici 13279n4731 Galaxy NGC 5198 Canes Venatici 13282n4656 Galaxy NGC 5204 Ursa Major 13283n5840 Galaxy NGC 5230 Virgo 13330n1356 Galaxy NGC 5236 M83 Hydra 13343s2937 Galaxy NGC 5247 Virgo 13353s1738 Galaxy NGC 5248 Bootes 13351n908 Galaxy NGC 5253 Centarus 13371s3124 Galaxy NGC 5266 Centarus 13399s4756 Galaxy NGC 5272 M3 Canes Venatici 13399n2838 Globular cluster NGC 5273 Canes Venatici 13399n3555 Galaxy NGC 5281 Centarus 13431s6239 Cluster NGC 5286 Centarus 13430s5107 Globular cluster NGC 5297 Canes Venatici 13443n4405 Galaxy NGC 5299 Centarus 13469s5937 Cluster NGC 5300 Virgo 13457n411 Galaxy NGC 5301 Canes Venatici 13450n4624 Galaxy NGC 5307 Centarus 13479s5058 Planetary nebula NGC 5308 Ursa Major 13454n6114 Galaxy NGC 5313 Canes Venatici 13477n4013 Galaxy NGC 5315 Circinus 13502s6616 Planetary nebula NGC 5316 Centarus 13504s6137 Cluster NGC 5322 Ursa Major 13476n6026 Galaxy NGC 5324 Virgo 13494s548 Galaxy NGC 5326 Canes Venatici 13487n3949 Galaxy NGC 5328 Hydra 13500s2814 Galaxy NGC 5334 Virgo 13504s52 Galaxy NGC 5347 Canes Venatici 13511n3343 Galaxy NGC 5350 Canes Venatici 13512n4037 Galaxy NGC 5351 Canes Venatici 13512n3809 Galaxy NGC 5353 Canes Venatici 13513n4031 Galaxy NGC 5354 Canes Venatici 13513n4032 Galaxy NGC 5357 Centarus 13531s3006 Galaxy NGC 5362 Canes Venatici 13528n4130 Galaxy NGC 5363 Virgo 13536n529 Galaxy NGC 5364 Virgo 13537n515 Galaxy NGC 5365 Centarus 13548s4342 Galaxy NGC 5367 Centarus 13547s3944 Nebula NGC 5371 Canes Venatici 13536n4043 Galaxy NGC 5376 Ursa Major 13536n5945 Galaxy NGC 5377 Canes Venatici 13543n4727 Galaxy NGC 5380 Canes Venatici 13548n3751 Galaxy NGC 5383 Canes Venatici 13550n4205 Galaxy NGC 5389 Ursa Major 13545n6009 Galaxy NGC 5394 Canes Venatici 13565n3740 Galaxy NGC 5395 Canes Venatici 13565n3739 Galaxy NGC 5398 Centarus 13583s3250 Galaxy NGC 5406 Canes Venatici 13582n3909 Galaxy NGC 5419 Centarus 14007s3344 Galaxy NGC 5422 Ursa Major 13590n5524 Galaxy NGC 5426 Virgo 14008s549 Galaxy NGC 5427 Virgo 14008s547 Galaxy NGC 5430 Ursa Major 13591n5934 Galaxy NGC 5444 Canes Venatici 14012n3522 Galaxy NGC 5448 Ursa Major 14009n4925 Galaxy NGC 5457 M101 Ursa Major 14014n5435 Galaxy NGC 5460 Centarus 14045s4805 Cluster NGC 5464 Hydra 14042s2946 Galaxy NGC 5466 Bootes 14032n2846 Globular cluster NGC 5468 Virgo 14040s514 Galaxy NGC 5473 Ursa Major 14030n5508 Galaxy NGC 5474 Ursa Major 14032n5354 Galaxy NGC 5480 Ursa Major 14046n5057 Galaxy NGC 5483 Centarus 14074s4305 Galaxy NGC 5485 Ursa Major 14055n5514 Galaxy NGC 5493 Virgo 14089s449 Galaxy NGC 5494 Centarus 14095s3026 Galaxy NGC 5496 Virgo 14090s56 Galaxy NGC 5523 Bootes 14126n2534 Galaxy NGC 5530 Lupus 14154s4309 Galaxy NGC 5533 Bootes 14141n3535 Galaxy NGC 5534 Virgo 14150s711 Galaxy NGC 5548 Bootes 14157n2522 Galaxy NGC 5556 Hydra 14176s2901 Galaxy NGC 5557 Bootes 14164n3643 Galaxy NGC 5566 Virgo 14178n411 Galaxy NGC 5574 Virgo 14184n328 Galaxy NGC 5576 Virgo 14185n330 Galaxy NGC 5584 Virgo 14198s10 Galaxy NGC 5585 Ursa Major 14180n5657 Galaxy NGC 5592 Hydra 14210s2827 Galaxy NGC 5593 Lupus 14224s5435 Cluster NGC 5595 Libra 14215s1630 Galaxy NGC 5597 Libra 14217s1633 Galaxy NGC 5600 Bootes 14214n1452 Galaxy NGC 5605 Libra 14223s1257 Galaxy NGC 5612 Apus 14282s7811 Galaxy NGC 5614 Bootes 14220n3505 Galaxy NGC 5617 Centarus 14260s6030 Cluster NGC 5631 Ursa Major 14251n5648 Galaxy NGC 5633 Bootes 14256n4622 Galaxy NGC 5634 Virgo 14270s545 Galaxy NGC 5638 Virgo 14271n327 Galaxy NGC 5641 Bootes 14271n2902 Galaxy NGC 5643 Lupus 14294s4359 Galaxy NGC 5645 Virgo 14281n729 Galaxy NGC 5653 Bootes 14280n3125 Galaxy NGC 5660 Bootes 14281n4950 Galaxy NGC 5662 Centarus 14316s5620 Cluster NGC 5665 Bootes 14299n0818 Galaxy NGC 5668 Virgo 14309n440 Galaxy NGC 5669 Bootes 14303n1008 Galaxy NGC 5676 Bootes 14310n4941 Galaxy NGC 5678 Draco 14307n5808 Galaxy NGC 5687 Bootes 1433n5442 Galaxy NGC 5689 Bootes 14337n4857 Galaxy NGC 5690 Virgo 14352n230 Galaxy NGC 5691 Virgo 14353s11 Galaxy NGC 5694 Hydra 14367s1619 Globular star cluster NGC 5701 Virgo 14367n534 Galaxy NGC 5713 Virgo 14376s5 Galaxy NGC 5715 Circinus 14398s5720 Cluster NGC 5728 Libra 14396s1703 Galaxy NGC 5739 Bootes 14406n4203 Galaxy NGC 5740 Virgo 14419n154 Galaxy NGC 5746 Virgo 14423n210 Galaxy NGC 5749 Lupus 14453s5419 Cluster NGC 5750 Virgo 14436s1 Galaxy NGC 5756 Libra 14449s1439 Galaxy NGC 5757 Libra 14450s1853 Galaxy NGC 5768 Libra 14496s220 Galaxy NGC 5775 Virgo 14515n345 Galaxy NGC 5791 Libra 14560s1904 Galaxy NGC 5792 Libra 14558s54 Galaxy NGC 5796 Libra 14566s1626 Galaxy NGC 5806 Virgo 14575n205 Galaxy NGC 5812 Libra 14582s716 Galaxy NGC 5813 Virgo 14587n154 Galaxy NGC 5820 Bootes 14572n5405 Galaxy NGC 5822 Lupus 15016s5409 Cluster NGC 5823 Circinus 15019s5524 Cluster NGC 5824 Lupus 15009s3253 Globular star cluster NGC 5831 Virgo 15016n124 Galaxy NGC 5838 Virgo 15029n218 Galaxy NGC 5846 Virgo 15040n148 Galaxy NGC 5850 Virgo 15046n144 Galaxy NGC 5854 Virgo 15053n245 Galaxy NGC 5861 Libra 15064s1108 Galaxy NGC 5864 Virgo 15070n314 Galaxy NGC 5866 Draco 15051n5557 Galaxy NGC 5873 Lupus 15094s3754 Planetary nebula NGC 5878 Libra 15110s1405 Galaxy NGC 5879 Draco 15084n5712 Galaxy NGC 5882 Lupus 15133s4527 Planetary nebula NGC 5885 Libra 15124s953 Galaxy NGC 5897 Libra 15145s2050 Globular star cluster NGC 5898 Libra 15152s2355 Galaxy NGC 5899 Bootes 15132n4214 Galaxy NGC 5903 Libra 15156s2351 Galaxy NGC 5904 Serpens 15160n216 Globular star cluster NGC 5905 Draco 15141n5542 Galaxy NGC 5907 Draco 15146n5631 Galaxy NGC 5908 Draco 15154n5536 Galaxy NGC 5915 Libra 15188s1255 Galaxy NGC 5921 Serpens 15195n515 Galaxy NGC 5927 Lupus 15244s5029 Globular star cluster NGC 5936 Serpens 15276n1309 Galaxy NGC 5946 Norma 15318s5030 Globular star cluster NGC 5949 Draco 15272n6455 Galaxy NGC 5962 Serpens 15342n1646 Galaxy NGC 5967 Apus 15419s7531 Galaxy NGC 5970 Serpens 15361n1220 Galaxy NGC 5979 Triangulum Australe 15434s6102 Planetary nebula NGC 5982 Draco 15376n5932 Galaxy NGC 5984 Serpens 15406n1422 Galaxy NGC 5985 Draco 15386n5930 Galaxy NGC 5986 Lupus 15428s3737 Globular star cluster NGC 5999 Norma 15482s5620 Cluster NGC 6005 Norma 15518s5718 Cluster NGC 6015 Draco 15507n6228 Galaxy NGC 6026 Lupus 15581s3425 Planetary nebula NGC 6027 Serpens 15570n2055 Galaxy NGC 6031 Norma 16037s5356 Cluster NGC 6052 Hercules 16031n2041 Galaxy NGC 6058 Hercules 16028n4049 Planetary nebula NGC 6067 Norma 16093s5405 Cluster NGC 6070 Serpens 16074n50 Galaxy NGC 6072 Scorpius 16097s3607 Planetary nebula NGC 6087 Norma 16147s5747 Cluster NGC 6093 M80 Scorpius 16141s2252 Globular star cluster NGC 6101 Apus 16200s7206 Galaxy NGC 6106 Hercules 16163n731 Galaxy NGC 6118 Serpens 16193s211 Galaxy NGC 6121 M4 Scorpius 16206s2624 Globular star cluster NGC 6124 Scorpius 16222s4035 Cluster NGC 6134 Norma 16240s4904 Cluster NGC 6139 Scorpius 16243s3844 Globular star cluster NGC 6144 Scorpius 16242s2556 Globular star cluster NGC 6152 Norma 16288s5231 Cluster NGC 6153 Scorpius 16280s4008 Planetary nebula NGC 6164 Norma 16300s4759 Nebula NGC 6165 Norma 16300s4759 Nebula NGC 6171 Ophiuchus 16297s1257 Globular star cluster NGC 6178 Scorpius 16321s4531 Cluster NGC 6181 Hercules 16301n1956 Galaxy NGC 6188 Ara 16359s4855 Globular star cluster NGC 6192 Scorpius 16368s4317 Cluster NGC 6193 Ara 16376s4840 Nebula NGC 6204 Ara 16457s4656 Globular star cluster NGC 6205 M13 Hercules 16399n3633 Globular star cluster NGC 6207 Hercules 16413n3656 Galaxy NGC 6208 Ara 16455s5344 Globular star cluster NGC 6210 Hercules 16425n2353 Planetary nebula NGC 6215 Ara 16468s5855 Galaxy NGC 6217 Ursa Minor 16348n7818 Galaxy NGC 6218 M12 Ophiuchus 16446s152 Globular star cluster NGC 6221 Ara 16485s5908 Galaxy NGC 6222 Scorpius 16471s4439 Cluster NGC 6227 Scorpius 16481s4049 Milky Way field NGC 6229 Hercules 16456n4737 Globular star cluster NGC 6231 Scorpius 16507s4143 Cluster NGC 6235 Ophiuchus 16504s2205 Globular star cluster NGC 6239 Hercules 16484n4250 Galaxy NGC 6242 Scorpius 16522s3925 Cluster NGC 6250 Ara 16543s4543 Globular star cluster NGC 6253 Ara 16551s5238 Globular star cluster NGC 6254 M10 Ophiuchus 16545s402 Globular star cluster NGC 6259 Scorpius 16571s4436 Cluster NGC 6266 M62 Scorpius 16581s3003 Globular star cluster NGC 6268 Scorpius 16586s3939 Cluster NGC 6273 M19 Ophiuchus 16595s2611 Globular star cluster NGC 6281 Scorpius 17014s3749 Cluster NGC 6284 Ophiuchus 17015s2441 Globular star cluster NGC 6287 Ophiuchus 17021s2238 Globular star cluster NGC 6293 Ophiuchus 17071s2630 Globular star cluster NGC 6300 Ara 17123s6246 Galaxy NGC 6302 Scorpius 17105s3703 Nebula NGC 6304 Ophiuchus 17114s2924 Globular star cluster NGC 6309 Ophiuchus 17112s1251 Planetary nebula NGC 6316 Ophiuchus 17134s2805 Globular star cluster NGC 6318 Scorpius 17143s3924 Cluster NGC 6322 Scorpius 17152s4250 Cluster NGC 6325 Ophiuchus 17150s2342 Globular star cluster NGC 6326 Ara 17168s5142 Planetary nebula NGC 6333 M9 Ophiuchus 17162s1828 Globular star cluster NGC 6334 Scorpius 17172s3601 Nebula NGC 6337 Scorpius 17189s3825 Planetary nebula NGC 6340 Draco 17111n7222 Galaxy NGC 6341 M92 Hercules 17156n5312 Globular star cluster NGC 6342 Ophiuchus 17182s1932 Globular star cluster NGC 6352 Ara 17216s4826 Globular star cluster NGC 6355 Ophiuchus 17209s2619 Globular star cluster NGC 6356 Ophiuchus 17207s1746 Globular star cluster NGC 6357 Scorpius 17213s3407 Nebula NGC 6362 Ara 17266s6701 Globular star cluster NGC 6366 Ophiuchus 17251s502 Globular star cluster NGC 6369 Ophiuchus 17263s2344 Planetary nebula NGC 6380 Scorpius 17319s3902 Globular star cluster NGC 6383 Scorpius 17314s3233 Cluster NGC 6384 Ophiuchus 17299n706 Galaxy NGC 6388 Scorpius 17326s4443 Globular star cluster NGC 6397 Ara 17368s5339 Globular star cluster NGC 6400 Scorpius 17361s3655 Cluster NGC 6401 Ophiuchus 17356s2353 Globular star cluster NGC 6402 M14 Ophiuchus 17350s313 Globular star cluster NGC 6404 Scorpius 17363s3313 Cluster NGC 6405 M6 Scorpius 17368s3211 Cluster NGC 6412 Draco 17308n7545 Galaxy NGC 6416 Scorpius 17410s3220 Cluster NGC 6425 Scorpius 17438s3125 Cluster NGC 6426 Ophiuchus 17424n312 Globular star cluster NGC 6441 Scorpius 17468s3702 Globular star cluster NGC 6451 Scorpius 17474s3011 Cluster NGC 6453 Scorpius 17480s3437 Globular star cluster NGC 6475 M7 Scorpius 17507s3448 Cluster NGC 6482 Hercules 17498n2305 Galaxy NGC 6496 Corona Australis/Scorpius 17555s4415 Globular star cluster NGC 6503 Draco 17499n7010 Galaxy NGC 6503 Draco 17499n7010 Galaxy NGC 6517 Ophiuchus 17591s857 Globular star cluster NGC 6517 Ophiuchus 17591s857 Globular star cluster NGC 6531 M21 Sagittarius 18018s2230 Cluster NGC 6535 Serpens 18013s18 Globular star cluster NGC 6537 Sagittarius 18022s1951 Planetary nebula NGC 6539 Serpens 18021s735 Globular star cluster NGC 6540 Sagittarius 18031s2750 Cluster NGC 6541 Corona Australis 18044s4344 Globular star cluster NGC 6543 Draco 17588n6638 Planetary nebula NGC 6544 Sagittarius 18042s2501 Globular star cluster NGC 6546 Sagittarius 18042s2319 Cluster NGC 6553 Sagittarius 18063s2556 Globular star cluster NGC 6558 Sagittarius 18070s3146 Globular star cluster NGC 6559 Sagittarius 18068s2408 Nebula NGC 6563 Sagittarius 18088s3353 Planetary nebula NGC 6565 Sagittarius 18087s2811 Planetary nebula NGC 6567 Sagittarius 18108s1905 Planetary nebula NGC 6568 Sagittarius 18098s2136 Cluster NGC 6569 Sagittarius 18104s3150 Globular star cluster NGC 6572 Ophiuchus 18097n650 Planetary nebula NGC 6574 Hercules 18095n1458 Galaxy NGC 6578 Sagittarius 18119s2018 Planetary nebula NGC 6583 Sagittarius 18128s2209 Cluster NGC 6584 Telescopium 18146s5214 Globular star cluster NGC 6603 M24 Sagittarius 18155s1827 Cluster NGC 6611 Serpens 18160s1348 Nebula NGC 6613 M18 Sagittarius 18170s1709 Cluster NGC 6618 M17 Sagittarius 18180s1612 Nebula NGC 6620 Sagittarius 18187s2652 Planetary nebula NGC 6624 Sagittarius 18205s3023 Globular star cluster NGC 6626 M28 Sagittarius 18215s2454 Globular star cluster NGC 6629 Sagittarius 18227s2314 Planetary nebula NGC 6630 Pavo 18277s6319 Planetary nebula NGC 6633 Ophiuchus 18251n632 Cluster NGC 6637 M69 Sagittarius 18281s3223 Globular star cluster NGC 6638 Sagittarius 18279s2532 Globular star cluster NGC 6642 Sagittarius 18288s2331 Globular star cluster NGC 6643 Draco 18212n7433 Galaxy NGC 6644 Sagittarius 18295s2511 Planetary nebula NGC 6645 Sagittarius 18298s1656 Cluster NGC 6649 Scutum 18307s1026 Cluster NGC 6652 Sagittarius 18325s3302 Globular star cluster NGC 6656 M22 Sagittarius 18333s2358 Globular star cluster NGC 6664 Scutum 18340s816 Cluster NGC 6681 M70 Sagittarius 18400s2331 Globular star cluster NGC 6682 Scutum 18390s449 Milky way NGC 6683 Scutum 18395s617 Milky way NGC 6684 Pavo 18441s6514 Galaxy NGC 6694 M26 Scutum 18425s927 Cluster NGC 6699 Pavo 18478s5723 Galaxy NGC 6703 Lyra 18459n4530 Galaxy NGC 6704 Scutum 18481s516 Cluster NGC 6705 M11 Scutum 18484s620 Cluster NGC 6709 Aquila 18491n1017 Open star cluster NGC 6712 Scutum 18503s847 Globular star cluster NGC 6715 M54 Sagittarius 18520s3032 Globular star cluster NGC 6720 M57 Lyra 18517n3258 Planetary nebula NGC 6721 Pavo 18565s5751 Galaxy NGC 6723 Sagittarius 18562s3642 Globular star cluster NGC 6726 Corona Australis 18583s3657 Nebula NGC 6727 Corona Australis 18583s3657 Nebula NGC 6729 Corona Australis 18584s3702 Nebula NGC 6741 Aquila 19001s0031 Globular star cluster NGC 6744 Pavo 19050s6356 Galaxy NGC 6751 Aquila 19032s0605 Planetary nebula NGC 6752 Pavo 19064s6004 Globular star cluster NGC 6753 Pavo 19072s5708 Galaxy NGC 6754 Telescopium 19075s5044 Galaxy NGC 6755 Aquila 19054n0409 Galaxtic star cluster NGC 6756 Aquila 19062n0435 Globular star cluster NGC 6758 Telescopium 19098s5624 Galaxy NGC 6760 Aquila 19086n0057 Globular star cluster NGC 6769 Pavo 19139s6035 Galaxy NGC 6772 Aquila 19120s0248 Planetary nebula NGC 6774 Sagittarius 19139s1621 Cluster NGC 6776 Pavo 19207s6359 Galaxy NGC 6778 Aquila 19157s0143 Planetary nebula NGC 6779 M56 Lyra 19146n3005 Globular star cluster NGC 6780 Telescopium 19187s5553 Galaxy NGC 6781 Aquila 19160n0626 Planetary nebula NGC 6782 Pavo 19195s6002 Galaxy NGC 6790 Aquila 19204n0124 Planetary nebula NGC 6791 Lyra 19190n3740 Cluster NGC 6800 Vulpecula 19251n2505 Cluster NGC 6802 Vulpecula 19285n2010 Cluster NGC 6803 Aquila 19289n0958 Planetary nebula NGC 6804 Aquila 19292n0907 Planetary nebula NGC 6807 Aquila 19321n0535 Planetary nebula NGC 6808 Pavo 19385s7046 Galaxy NGC 6809 M55 Sagittarius 19369s3103 Globular star cluster NGC 6810 Pavo 19394s5847 Galaxy NGC 6811 Cygnus 19367n4627 Cluster NGC 6814 Aquila 19399s1025 Spiral galaxy NGC 6815 Vulpecula 19388n2641 Cluster NGC 6818 Sagittarius 19411s1417 Planetary nebula NGC 6819 Cygnus 19396n4006 Cluster NGC 6820 Vulpecula 19405n2258 Nebula NGC 6822 Sagittarius 19421s1453 Galaxy NGC 6823 Vulpecula 19411n2312 Cluster NGC 6826 Cygnus 19434n5024 Planetary nebula NGC 6830 Vulpecula 19489n2258 Cluster NGC 6833 Cygnus 19485n4850 Planetary nebula NGC 6834 Vulpecula 19502n2917 Cluster NGC 6835 Sagittarius 19518s1242 Galaxy NGC 6838 M71 Sagitta 19519n1839 Globular star cluster NGC 6842 Vulpecula 19530n2909 Planetary nebula NGC 6851 Telescopium 19599s4825 Galaxy NGC 6853 M27 Vulpecula 19574n2235 Planetary nebula NGC 6854 Telescopium 20018s5432 Galaxy NGC 6857 Cygnus 20000n3323 Planetary nebula NGC 6861 Telescopium 20037s4831 Galaxy NGC 6864 M75 Sagittarius 20032s2204 Globular star cluster NGC 6866 Cygnus 20021n4351 Cluster NGC 6868 Telescopium 20063s4831 Galaxy NGC 6875 Telescopium 20096s4619 Galaxy NGC 6876 Pavo 20131s7101 Galaxy NGC 6878 Sagittarius 20103s4441 Galaxy NGC 6879 Sagitta 20081n1646 Planetary nebula NGC 6881 Cygnus 20090n3716 Planetary nebula NGC 6884 Cygnus 20088n4619 Planetary nebula NGC 6885 Vulpecula 20099n2620 Cluster NGC 6886 Sagitta 20105n1950 Planetary nebula NGC 6887 Telescopium 20134s5256 Galaxy NGC 6888 Cygnus 20107n3816 Nebula NGC 6890 Sagittarius 20148s4458 Galaxy NGC 6891 Delphinus 20128n1235 Planetary nebula NGC 6893 Telescopium 20172s4825 Galaxy NGC 6894 Cygnus 20144n3025 Planetary nebula NGC 6902 Sagittarius 20212s4350 Galaxy NGC 6905 Delphinus 20202n1957 Planetary nebula NGC 6909 Telescopium 20241s4712 Galaxy NGC 6910 Cygnus 20213n4037 Cluster NGC 6913 M29 Cygnus 20222n3821 Cluster NGC 6914 Cygnus 20234n4210 Nebula NGC 6923 Microscopium 20286s3101 Galaxy NGC 6925 Microscopium 20312s3209 Galaxy NGC 6934 Delphinus 20317n714 Globular star cluster NGC 6935 Indus 20347s5217 Galaxy NGC 6939 Cepheus 20304n6028 Cluster NGC 6940 Vulpecula 20325n2808 Cluster NGC 6942 Indus 20370s5430 NGC 6943 Pavo 20398s6855 Galaxy NGC 6946 Cepheus 20339n5958 Galaxy NGC 6951 Cepheus 20365n6556 Galaxy NGC 6958 Microscopium 20454s3811 Galaxy NGC 6960 Cygnus 20436n3032 Nebula NGC 6970 Indus 20486s4859 Galaxy NGC 6981 M72 Aquarius 20508s1244 Globular star cluster NGC 6984 Indus 20543s5204 Galaxy NGC 6992 Cygnus 20543n3130 Nebula NGC 6994 M73 Aquarius 20562s1251 Stars NGC 6997 Cygnus 20547n4427 Cluster NGC 7000 Cygnus 20570n4408 Nebula NGC 7006 Delphinus 20591n1600 Globular star cluster NGC 7007 Indus 21019s5245 Galaxy NGC 7008 Cygnus 20591n5421 Planetary nebula NGC 7009 Aquarius 21014s1134 Planetary nebula NGC 7014 Indus 21054s4724 Galaxy NGC 7020 Pavo 21073s6415 Galaxy NGC 7023 Cepheus 21014n6758 Nebula NGC 7026 Cygnus 21046n4739 Planetary nebula NGC 7027 Cygnus 21051n4202 Planetary nebula NGC 7029 Indus 21084s4930 Galaxy NGC 7038 Indus 21117s4726 Galaxy NGC 7041 Indus 21130s4835 Galaxy NGC 7048 Cygnus 21126n4604 Planetary nebula NGC 7049 Indus 21156s4847 Galaxy NGC 7062 Cygnus 21215n4610 Cluster NGC 7064 Indus 21255s5300 Galaxy NGC 7070 Grus 21273s4319 Galaxy NGC 7078 M15 Pegasus 21276n1157 Globular star cluster NGC 7079 Grus 21293s4418 Galaxy NGC 7082 Cygnus 21270n4650 Cluster NGC 7083 Indus 21318s6407 Galaxy NGC 7086 Cygnus 21298n5122 Cluster NGC 7089 M2 Aquarius 21309s0104 Globular star cluster NGC 7090 Indus 21329s5447 Galaxy NGC 7092 M39 Cygnus 21304n4813 Cluster NGC 7096 Indus 21374s6408 Galaxy NGC 7097 Grus 21371s4246 Galaxy NGC 7099 M30 Capricornus 21375s2325 Globular star cluster NGC 7107 Grus 21392s4502 Galaxy NGC 7119 Grus 21431s4645 Galaxy NGC 7124 Indus 21448s5048 Galaxy NGC 7125 Indus 21456s6056 Galaxy NGC 7126 Indus 21457s6050 Galaxy NGC 7127 Cygnus 21422n5424 Cluster NGC 7128 Cygnus 21424n5329 Cluster NGC 7129 Cepheus 21240n6552 Nebula NGC 7133 Cepheus 21434n6556 Nebula NGC 7135 Pisces Austrinus 21468s3507 Galaxy NGC 7137 Pegasus 21459n2156 Galaxy NGC 7139 Cepheus 21446n6335 Planetary nebula NGC 7142 Cepheus 21447n6534 Cluster NGC 7144 Grus 21495s4829 Galaxy NGC 7145 Grus 21501s4807 Galaxy NGC 7154 Pisces Austrinus 21524s3503 Galaxy NGC 7155 Indus 21529s4946 Galaxy NGC 7162 Grus 21567s4333 Galaxy NGC 7166 Grus 21576s4339 Galaxy NGC 7168 Indus 21589s5200 Galaxy NGC 7171 Aquarius 21583s1331 Galaxy NGC 7172 Pisces Austrinus 21591s3207 Galaxy NGC 7177 Pegasus 21583n1729 Galaxy NGC 7184 Aquarius 21599s2104 Galaxy NGC 7192 Indus 22032s6433 Galaxy NGC 7196 Indus 22026s5022 Galaxy NGC 7205 Indus/Tucana 22051s5740 Galaxy NGC 7209 Lacerta 22108n4616 Cluster NGC 7213 Grus 22062s4725 Galaxy NGC 7217 Pegasus 22056n3107 Galaxy NGC 7218 Aquarius 22075s1654 Galaxy NGC 7232 Grus 22126s4605 Galaxy NGC 7233 Grus 22127s4606 Galaxy NGC 7235 Cepheus 22108n5702 Cluster NGC 7243 Lacerta 22132n4938 Cluster NGC 7245 Lacerta 22136n5405 Cluster NGC 7252 Aquarius 22180s2456 Galaxy NGC 7261 Cepheus 22186n5750 Cluster NGC 7281 Cepheus 22229n5735 Cluster NGC 7293 Aquarius 22270s2106 Planetary nebula NGC 7300 Aquarius 22283s1417 Galaxy NGC 7302 Aquarius 22297s1423 Galaxy NGC 7307 Grus 22309s4112 Galaxy NGC 7309 Aquarius 22316s1037 Galaxy NGC 7314 Pisces Austrinus 22330s2618 Galaxy NGC 7329 Tucana 22370s6644 Galaxy NGC 7331 Pegasus 22348n3410 Galaxy NGC 7332 Pegasus 22350n2332 Galaxy NGC 7354 Cepheus 22384n6101 Planetary nebula NGC 7361 Pisces Austrinus 22395s3019 Galaxy NGC 7371 Aquarius 22434s1116 Galaxy NGC 7377 Aquarius 22451s2235 Galaxy NGC 7380 Cepheus 22449n5749 Cluster NGC 7392 Aquarius 22492s2053 Galaxy NGC 7410 Grus 22521s3956 Galaxy NGC 7412 Grus 22530s4255 Galaxy NGC 7418 Grus 22538s3717 Galaxy NGC 7419 Cepheus 22524n6034 Cluster NGC 7421 Grus 22541s3737 Galaxy NGC 7424 Grus 22545s4120 Galaxy NGC 7448 Pegasus 22576n1543 Galaxy NGC 7454 Pegasus 22586n1607 Galaxy NGC 7456 Grus 22593s3951 Galaxy NGC 7457 Pegasus 22586n2953 Galaxy NGC 7462 Grus 23000s4106 Galaxy NGC 7469 Pegasus 23007n836 Galaxy NGC 7479 Pegasus 23024n1203 Galaxy NGC 7492 Aquarius 23057s1554 Globular star cluster NGC 7496 Grus 23070s4342 Galaxy NGC 7507 Sculptor 23095S2849 Galaxy NGC 7510 Cepheus 23092n6018 Cluster NGC 7531 Grus 23121s4353 Galaxy NGC 7538 Cepheus 23115n6114 Nebula NGC 7541 Pisces 23122n415 Galaxy NGC 7552 Grus 23135s4253 Galaxy NGC 7582 Grus 23158s4238 Galaxy NGC 7585 Aquarius 23154s0456 Galaxy NGC 7590 Grus 23163s4231 Galaxy NGC 7599 Grus 23167s4232 Galaxy NGC 7600 Aquarius 23163s0752 Galaxy NGC 7606 Aquarius 23165s0846 Galaxy NGC 7619 Pegasus/Pisces 23178n755 Galaxy NGC 7625 Pegasus 23180n1657 Galaxy NGC 7626 Pegasus/Pisces 23182n756 Galaxy NGC 7635 Cassiopeia 23185n6054 Nebula NGC 7640 Andromeda 23197n4035 Galaxy NGC 7654 M52 Cassiopeia 23220n6120 Cluster NGC 7662 Andromeda 23234n4212 Planetary nebula NGC 7678 Pegasus 23261n2209 Galaxy NGC 7679 Pisces 23262n315 Galaxy NGC 7686 Andromeda 23277n4851 Globular star cluster NGC 7689 Phoenix 23299s5422 Galaxy NGC 7690 Phoenix 23302s5158 Galaxy NGC 7702 Phoenix 23327s5617 Galaxy NGC 7713 Sculptor 23338S3813 Galaxy NGC 7716 Pisces 23339n1 Galaxy NGC 7721 Aquarius 23362s0648 Galaxy NGC 7723 Aquarius 23364s1314 Galaxy NGC 7727 Aquarius 23373s1234 Galaxy NGC 7741 Pegasus 23414n2548 Galaxy NGC 7742 Pegasus 23418n1029 Galaxy NGC 7743 Pegasus 23418n939 Galaxy NGC 7744 Phoenix 23424s4312 Galaxy NGC 7755 Sculptor 23455S3048 Galaxy NGC 7762 Cepheus 23475n6744 Cluster NGC 7764 Phoenix 23484s4101 Galaxy NGC 7769 Pegasus 23485n1952 Galaxy NGC 7772 Pegasus 23492n1559 Cluster NGC 7782 Pisces 23514n742 Galaxy NGC 7785 Pisces 23528n538 Galaxy NGC 7788 Cassiopeia 23542n6107 Cluster NGC 7789 Cassiopeia 23545n5626 Cluster NGC 7790 Cassiopeia 23545n6056 Cluster NGC 7793 Sculptor 23553S3251 Galaxy NGC 7796 Phoenix 23565s5544 Galaxy NGC 7814 Pegasus 7n1551 Galaxy NGC 7822 Cepheus 23590n6825 Nebula Stars: Brightest Stars (brightest to least) Star Name Rank Magnitude ---- ---- ---- --------- Alpha Canis Majoris Sirius 1 -1.42 Alpha Carinae Canopis 2 -0.72 Alpha Centauri 3 -0.27 Alpha Bootis Arcturus 4 -0.06 Alpha Lyrae Vega 5 0.04 Alpha Aurigae Capella 6 0.06 Beta Orionis Rigel 7 0.14 Alpha Canis Minoris Procyon 8 0.35 Alpha Eridani Achernar 9 0.53 Beta Centauri Hadar 10 0.66 Alpha Orionis Betelgeuse 11 0.7 Alpha Aquilae Altair 12 0.77 Alpha Tauri Aldebaran 13 0.86 Alpah Crucis Acrux 14 0.87 Alpha Scorpii Antares 15 0.92 Alpha Virginis Spica 16 1 Beta Geminorum Pollux 17 1.16 Alpha Pisces Austrini Fomalhaut 18 1.17 Alpha Cygni Deneb 19 1.26 Beta Crucis 20 1.28 Alpha Leonis Regulus 21 1.36 Epsilon Canis Majoris Adhara 22 1.49 Alpah Geminorum Castor 23 1.59 Lambda Scorpii Shaula 24 1.62 Gamma Orionis Bellatrix 25 1.64 Beta Tauri El Nath 26 1.65 Beta Carinae Miaplacidus 27 1.67 Gamma Crucis 28 1.67 Epsilon Orionis Alnilam 29 1.7 Alpha Gruis Al Na'ir 30 1.76 Zeta Orionis Alnitak 31 1.79 Epsilon Ursae Majoris Alioth 32 1.79 Alpah Persei Mirfak 33 1.79 Alpah Ursae Majoris Dubhe 34 1.81 Epsilon Sagittarii Kaus Australis 35 1.81 Nearest Stars (closest to farthest) Star Name Distance (light years) ---- ---- ---------------------- Proxima Centauri 4.3 Alpha Centauri 4.3 Barnard's Star 6.0 Wolf 359 7.7 Lalande 21185 8.3 Alpha Canis Majoris Sirius 8.7 UV Ceti 9.0 Ross 154 9.5 Ross 248 10.3 Epsilon Eridani 10.8 L789-6 10.8 Ross 128 10.9 61 Cygni 11.1 Alpha Canis Minoris Procyon 11.3 Epsilon Indi 11.4 2398 11.4 Groombridge 34 11.7 Tau Ceti 11.8 Lacaille 9352 11.9 BC+5 1668 12.3 Cordoba 29191 12.7 Kapteyn's Star 12.7 Krueger 60 13.1 Ross 614 13.1 Wolf 1061 13.4 BIBLE Category Book Ordinal Chapters Douay -------- ---- ------- -------- ----- Old Testament Genesis 1 50 Exodus 2 40 Leviticus 3 27 Numbers 4 36 Deuteronomy 5 34 Joshua 6 24 Josue Judges 7 21 Ruth 8 4 1 Samuel 9 31 I Kings 2 Samuel 10 24 II Kings 1 Kings 11 22 III Kings 2 Kings 12 25 IV Kings 1 Chronicles 13 29 I Paralipomenon 2 Chronicles 14 36 II Paralipomenon Ezra 15 10 I Esdras Nehemiah 16 13 II Esdras Esther 17 10 Job 18 42 Psalms 19 150 Proverbs 20 31 Ecclesiastes 21 12 Song of Songs 22 8 Canticle of Canticles Isaiah 23 66 Isaias Jeremiah 24 52 Jeremias Lamentations 25 5 Ezekiel 26 48 Ezechiel Daniel 27 12 Hosea 28 14 Osee Joel 29 3 Amos 30 9 Obadiah 31 1 Abdias Jonah 32 4 Jonas Micah 33 7 Micheas Nahum 34 3 Habakkuk 35 3 Habacuc Zephaniah 36 3 Sophonias Haggai 37 2 Aggeus Zechariah 38 14 Zacharias Malachi 39 4 Malachias New Testament The Gospels Matthew 40 28 Mark 41 16 Luke 42 24 John 43 21 Acts 44 28 The Epistles Romans 45 16 1 Corinthians 46 16 2 Corinthians 47 13 Galatians 48 6 Ephesians 49 6 Philippians 50 4 Colossians 51 4 1 Thessalonians 52 5 2 Thessalonians 53 3 1 Timothy 54 6 2 Timothy 55 4 Titus 56 3 Philemon 57 1 Hebrews 58 13 James 59 5 1 Peter 60 5 2 Peter 61 3 1 John 62 5 2 John 63 1 3 John 64 1 Jude 65 1 Revelation 66 22 Apocrypha I Esdras III Esdras II Esdras IV Esdras Tobit Tobias Judith Additions to Esther Wisdom of Solomon Ecclesiasticus Baruch Epistle of Jeremy Additions to Daniel Song of the Three Holy Children Story of Susanna Bel and the Dragon Prayer of Manasses I Maccabees I Machabees II Maccabees II Machabees The Ten Plagues 1. Waters turned to blood 2. Frogs 3. Gnats 4. Flies 5. Pestilence 6. Boils 7. Hail 8. Locusts 9. Darkness 10. Death of the first-born Other Jewish works: Talmud Mishna Gemara BIOCHEMSITRY Amino Acids: Name Abbreviation Letter ---- ------------ ------ Alanine Ala A Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn N Aspartic Acod Asp D Asn and/or Asp Asx B Cysteine Cys C Glutamine Gln Q Glutamic Acid Glu E Gln and/or Glu Glx Z Glycine Gly G Histidine His H Isoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Lysine Lys K Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y Valine Val V CALANDERS AND DATES English calander: Modern Traditional Birth Month Name Length Birthstone Birthstone Flower ----- ---- ------ ---------- ----------- ------ 1 January 31 Garnet Garnet Carnation 2 February 28 or 29 Amethyst Amethyst Violet 3 March 31 Aquamarine Bloodstone Jonquil 4 April 30 Diamond Diamond Daisy 5 May 31 Emerald Emerald Lily-of-the-Valley 6 June 30 Pearl, Moonstone Alexandrite Rose 7 July 31 Ruby Ruby Larkspur 8 August 30 Peridot Sardonyx Gladiolus 9 September 30 Sapphire Sapphire Aster 10 October 31 Opal, Tourmaline Tourmaline Marigold 11 November 30 Yellow Topaz, Citrine Citrine Chrysanthemum 12 December 31 Blue Topaz, Turquoise Lapis Lazuli Narcissus Hebrew calander: Month Name Length ----- ---- ------ 1 Tishri 30 2 Cheshvan 29 or 30 3 Kislev 29 or 30 4 Tebel 29 5 Shebat 30 6 Adar 29 or 30 7 Nisan 30 8 Iyar 29 9 Sivan 30 10 Tammuz 29 11 Ab 30 12 Elul 29 Days of the week: Number English Name Spanish Name ------ ------------ ------------ 1 Sunday domingo 2 Monday lunes 3 Tuesday martes 4 Wednesday miercoles 5 Thursday jueves 6 Friday viernes 7 Saturday sabado Holidays/named days: USA: Date Holiday(s) ---- ---------- Jan 1 New Year's Day* Feb 2 Groundhog's Day (Candlemas Day) Feb 12 Lincoln's Birthday Feb 14 Valentine's Day Mar 17 St. Patrick's Day Jun 14 Flag Day Jul 4 Independence Day* Oct 24 United Nation's Day Oct 31 Halloween Nov 11 Veteran's Day Dec 25 Christmas Day* Fourth Thursday in November = Thanksgiving Day* First Sunday after first full moon on or after March 21 = Easter Friday prior to Easter = Good Friday First Tuesday after first Monday in November = Election Day First Monday in September = Labor Day* Second Monday in October = Columbus Day Third Monday in January = Martin Luther King Day* Third Monday in February = President's Day* Last Monday in May = Memorial Day* * = federal holiday Canada: Date Holiday(s) ---- ---------- Jul 1 Canada Day Eras: Era Starting year (Christian) --- ------------------------- Babylonian 749 BC Byzantine 5509 BC Christian 1 AD Diocletian 283 AD Grecian (Seleucidae) 312 BC Hebrew 3761 BC Indian (Saka) 78 AD Japanese 660 BC Mohammedan (Hegira) 579 AD Roman 753 BC Chinese Years: Rat Ox Tiger Hare (Rabbit) Dragon Snake Horse Sheep (Goat) Monkey Rooster Dog Pig CHEMISTRY 2-butanone (see Methyl ethyl ketone) 2-methylpropane (see Isobutane) 2-methyl-2-butene C5H10 3-methyl-2-butanone (see Methyl isopopyl ketone) ABS (see acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) Acanthite Ag2S Acenaphthene C12H10 Acetal C6H14O2 Acetaldehyde C2H4O Acetalhyde CH3CHO Acetamid (see Acetamide) Acetamide CH3CONH2 Acetanilid (see Acetanilide) Acetanilide CH3CONHC6H5 Acetic acid CH3COOH HC2H3O2 Acetic anhydride C5H6O3 Acetoacetic acid CH3COCH2COOH Acetone see Dimethyl acetone Acetyl CH3CO Acetylcholine C7H17O3N Acetylene C2H3 C2H2 Acetyl-salicylic acid C9H8O4 Achroite (see Tourmaline) Acridine C13H9N Acrolein CH2=CHCHO C3H4O Acrylic C3H4O2 Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe)5(Si8O22)(OH)2 Adamsite NH.(C6H4)2.AsCl Adenine C5H5N5 Adipic acid HOOC(CH2)4COOH C6H10O4 Adrenalin (see Epinephrine) Adularia (see Orthoclase) Agate (see Chalcedony) Alabandite MnS Alabaster (see Gypsum) Albite Na(AlSi3O8) Albuterol C13N21NO3 Alcohol (see individual types) Aldehyde CH3CHO Aldosterone C21H28O5 Aldrin C12H8Cl6 Alexandrite (see Chrysoberyl) Alizarin (see Alizarine) Alizarine C14H8O4 Alkapton C4H8(OH)2 Allanite (Ce,Ca,Y)(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH) Allantoin N4O3 Allemontite AsSb Allophane Al2SiO5.5H2O Al2O3.SiO2.nH2O Alloxan C4H2N2O4 Allyl C3H5 Allylene C3H4 Almandite Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 Altaite PbTe Alum (see Potassium aluminum sulfate and Aluminum sulfate) Alumina Al2O3 Aluminum bromide AlBr3 Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 Aluminum iodide AlI3 Aluminum oxide (see Alumina) Aluminum perchlorate Al(ClO4)3 Aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 Alunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Amazonstone (see Microcline) Amblygonite Li(AlF)PO4 (Li,Na)AlPO4(F,OH) Amethyst (see Quartz) Amidol C6H3ON2.HCl Ammelin (see Ammeline) Ammeline C3H5N5O Ammonia NH3 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 Amphetamine C9H13N Amygdalic C20H28O13 Amygdalin C20H27O11 Amyl alcohol C5H11OH Amyl acetate CH3CO2C5H11 Amyl nitrite C5H11NO2 Amytal C11H18O3N2 Analcime Na(AlSi2O6).H2O Anatase TiO2 Anauxite (see Kaolinite) Andalusite Al2SiO5 Andesine Ab70An30-Ab50An50 Andradite Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3 Androsterone C19H30O2 Anglesite PbSO4 Anhydrite CaSO4 Aniline C6H5NH2 Ankerite Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 Annabergite Ni3As2O8.8H2O (Ni,Co)3(AsO4)2.8H2O Anorthite CaAl2(SiO4)2 CaAl2Si2O8 Anorthoclase (Na,K)AlSi3O8 Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)7(Si8O22)(OH)2 Anthracene C14H10 Anthracin (see Anthracene) Antigorite (see Serpentine) Antimonyl potassium tartrate (see Potasium antimonyl tartrate) Antlerite Cu3SO4(OH)4 Apatite Ca5(Cl,F)(PO4)3 Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,OH,Cl) Apophyllite KCa4Si8O20(F,OH).8H2O Aquamarine 3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2 Arabinose C5H10O5 Aragonite CaCO3 Arfvedsonite Na2-3(Fe,Mg,Al)5Si8O22(OH)2 Argenite Ag2S Arginine C6H14O2N4 Argintite (see Argenite) Argyrodite Ag8GeS6 Arsenic acid H3AsO4 Arsenic hydride (see Arsinureted hydrogen) Arsenic trioxide As2O3 As4O6 Arsine (see Arseniureted hydrogen) Arsinureted hydrogen AsH3 Arsenopyrite FeAsS Ascorbic acid C6H8O6 Aspartic acid C4H7O4N Aspirin (see Acetyl-salicylic acid) Atacamite Cu2Cl(OH)3 Atropin (see Atropine) Atropine C17H23NO3 Augite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2(O)6 Aurichalcite (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 Autunite Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2.10-12H2O Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2.10H2O Awaruite FeNi2 Axinite (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BSi4O15(OH) Azurite CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Baking Soda (see Sodium bicarbonate) Balas Ruby (see Spinel) Barbituric CCH2CONHCONHCO Barite (see Barium sulfate) Barium chloride BaCl2 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 Barium phosphate Ba3(PO4)2 Barium sulfate BaSO4 Barytes (see Barite) Bastnaesite (Ce,La)(CO3)(F,OH) Beidellite Al8(Si4O10)3(OH)12.12H2O Benzal C6H5CH Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO Benzamide C6H5CO.NH2 Benzedrine C6H5CH2CH(NH2)CH3 Benzene C6H6 Benzidine NH2C6H4C6H4NH2 Benzil C14H10O2 Benzile (see Benzil) Benzocaine C6H4NH2-COOC2H5 Benzoic acid C6H5COOH Benzoin C14H12O2 Benzophenone C6H5COC6H5 Benzoyl C6H5CH2 Benzyl C6H5CH2 Beryl Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Be3Al2(Si6O18) Beryllium oxide BeO Biacetyl CH3COCOCH3 Bichloride of Mercury HgCl2 Biotite K(Mg,FE)3(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH)2 Bismite Bi2O3 Bixin C16H26O2 Black Jack (see Sphalerite) Blende (see Sphalerite) Bloodstone (see Heliotrope) Bluestone (see Blue vitriol) Blue vitriol CuSO4.5H2O Boehmite AlO(OH) Boracite Mg3B7O13Cl Borax Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7.10H2O Boric acid H3BO3 Borneol C10H18O Bornite Cu5FeS4 Boron oxide B2O3 Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Bournonite PbCuSbS3 Brannerite (U,Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe)2O6 Braunite 3Mn2O3.MnSiO3 Bravoite (Nl,Fe)S2 Brazilein C16H12O5 Brochantite Cu4(OH)6SO4 Bromic acid HBrO3 Bromine hydride HBr Bromine monochloride BrCl Bromine monofluoride BrF Bromous acid HBrO2 Bromyrite Ag(Br,Cl) BrCl Bronzite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Brookite TiO2 Brucite Mg(OH)2 Buckminsterfullerene C60 Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 C4H10 Butyric acid CH3CH2CH2COOH CH3(CH2)2COOH Bytownite Ab30An70-Ab10An90 Cairngorm (see Quartz) Calamine (see Hemimorphite) Calaverite AuTe2 Calcite CaCO3 Calcium carbide CaC2 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Calcium chloride CaCl2 Calcium fluoride CaF2 Calcium hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCO3)2 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium oxide CaO Calcium phosphate Ca(PO4)2 Calcium sulfate CaSO3 Californite (see Idocrase) Calomel Hg2Cl2 Calverite AuTe2 Cancrinite (Na2,Ca)4(AlSiO4)6...CO3.nH2O Capric acid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH CH3(CH2)8COOH Caproic acid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH CH3(CH2)4COOH Caprylic acid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH CH3(CH2)6COOH Carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon disulfide CS2 Carbon hydride (see Methane) Carbon monoxide CO Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Carbonic acid H2CO3 Carnallite KMgCl3.6H2O Carnelian (see Chalcedony) Carnotite K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O Cassiterite SnO2 Celestite SrSo4 Celsian BaAl2Si2O8 Cerargyrite Ag(Cl,Br) Cerussite PbCO3 Cesium bromide CsBr Cervanite Sb2O4 Cesium chloride CsCl Cesium hydroxide CsOH Cesium sulfate CsSO4 Chabazite Ca(Al2Si4O12).6H2O Chalcanthite CuSO4.5H2O Chalcedony (Cryptocrystalline quartz) Chalcocite Cu2S Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Chalcotrichite (see Cuprite) Chalk (Calcite) Chalybite (Siderite) Chert (Quartz) Chessylite (see Azurite) Chiastolite (see Andalusite) Chloanthite (see Skutterudite) Chloric acid HClO3 Chlorine hydride (see Hydrogen chloride) Chlorite (Mg,Fe)6...AlSi3O10(OH)8 Chloritoid Fe2AlSi2O10(OH)4 Chloroform CHCl3 Chloromethane (see methyl chloride) Chlorous acid HClO2 Chondrodite (Mg,Fe)3SiO4(OH,F)2 Chromite FeCr2O4 Chromium chloride CrCl2 Chrysoberyl BeO.Al2O3 Chrysocolla CuSiO3.2H2O Chrysolite (see Olivine) Chrysoprase (Chalcedony) Chrysotile (Serpentine asbestos) Cinnabar HgS Cinnamaldehyde C6H5CH=CHCHO Cinnamon stone (Garnet) Cisplatin PtN2H6Cl2 Citrine (Quartz) Cleavelandite (White Albite) Clinochlore (see Chlorite) Clinoclase Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3 Clinoenstatite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Clinoferrosilite (Fe,Mg)SiO3 Clinohumite Mg9Si4O16(F,OH)2 Clinozoisite Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) Cobalite CoAsS Colemanite Ca2B6O11.5H2O Collophane (see Apatite) Columbite (Fe,Mn)Cb2O6 Copper bromide (see Cupric bromide) Copper glance (see Chalcocite) Copper oxide CuO Copper pyrite (see Chalcopyrite) Cordierite (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18 Corrosive Sublimate (see Bichloride of Mercury) Corundum Al2O3 Cotarnine C12H15NO2 Covellite CuS Cream of Tartar (see Potassium biartrate) Cristobalite (see Quartz) Crocidolite Na3Fe3Fe2(SiO23)(OH) Crocoite PbCrO4 Cryolite Na3AlF6 Cubanite CuFe2S3 Cummingtonite (Fe,Mg)7(Si8O22)(OH)2 Cupric chloride CuCl2 Cupric bromide CuBr2 Cuprous chloride CuCl Cuprite Cu2O Cyanite (see Kyanite) Cyclohexane C6H12 Cymophane (see Chrysoberyl) Danaite (Fe,Co)AsS Danburite CaB2(SiO4)2 Datolite CaB(SiO4)(OH) Davidite (see Brannerite) Decane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C10H22 Demantoid (see Andradite garnet) Diallage (see Diopside) Diamond C Diaspore AlO(OH) Dichlorofluoromethane CCl2F2 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 Dichroite (see Cordierite) Dickite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Diethyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Digenite Cu9S5 Dimethyl acetone CH3COCH3 Dinitrogen monoxide N2O Dinitrogen trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5 Diopside CaMg(SiO3)2 Dioptase CuSiO2(OH)2 Dioxygen O2 Diphosphoric acid H4P2O7 Disthene (see Kyanite) DNA (see Deoxyribonucleic acid) Dolomite MgCa(CO3)2 Dumortierite (Al,Fe)7O3(BO3)(SiO4)3 Edenite Ca2NaMg5(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 Electrum Ag, Au Eleolite (see Nepheline) Embolite Ag(Cl,Br) Emerald (see Beryl) Emery (see Corundum and Magnetite) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Endlichite (see Vanadinite) Enstatite MgSiO3 Epidote Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH) Epinephrine C9H13NO3 Epsom Salt (see Epsomite) Epsomite MgSO4.7H2O Erythrite Co3(AsO4)2.8H2O Erythritol CH2OH(CHOH)2CH2OH Essonite (see Grossularite) Ethane (see Ethylene) Ethanol (see Ethyl alcohol) Ethyl CH3CH2 Ethyl alcohol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH C2H6O Ethyl butyrate CH3CH2CH2COOHCH2CH3 Ethyl formate HCOOCH2CH3 Ethyl mercaptan C2H5SH Ethylene CH2CH2 C2H4 Ethylene Glycol HOCH2CH2OH OHCH2CH2OH CH2OHCH2OH C2H6O2 Euclase BeAlSiO4(OH) Eucryptite LiAlSiO4 Euxenite (Y,Ce,Ca,U,Th)2...(Ti,Nb,Ta,Fe)2O6 Excretin C20H35O Fahlore (see Tetrahedrite) Fayalite Fe2SiO4 Feather ore (see Jamesonite) Ferberite FeWO4 Fergusonite (RE,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 Ferric acid H3FeO4 Ferric oxide Fe2O3 Ferricyanic acid H3Fe(CN)6 Ferricyanide K3Fe(CN)6 Ferricyanogen (Fe(CN)6)3 Ferrimolybdite Fe2(MoO4)3.8H2O Ferrocyanic H4Fe(CN)6 Ferrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6 Ferrosilite FeSiO3 Ferrosoferic (see Magnetite) Ferrous oxide FeO Fibrolite (see Sillimanite) Flint SiO2 Flos ferri (see Aragonite) Fluorine hydride (see Hydrogen fluoride) Fluorite CaF2 Fool's Gold (see Iron Pyrite) Formaldehyde HCHO Formanite (RE,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4TaNb Formic acid HCOOH HCHO2 Forsterite Mg2SiO4 Fowlerite (see Rhodonite) Franklinite (Fe2+,Zn,Mn2+)...(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 Freibergite (see Tetrahedrite) Fuchsin C20H19N3 Fuchsine (see Fuchsin) Gadoinite Be2FeY2Si2O10 Gahnite ZnAl2O4 Galaxite MnAl2O4 Galena (see Lead sulfide) Garnierite (Ni,Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4 Gaylussite Na2Ca(CO3)2.5H2O Gedrite (see Anthophyllite) Geocronite Pb5(Sb,As)2S8 Germane SiH4 Gersdorffite NiAsS Geyserite (see Opal) Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Glauber's salt Na2SO4.10H2O Glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2 Glaucodot (see Danaite) Glauconite (K,Na)(Al,Fe3+,Mg)2...(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2 Glaucophane Na2(Mg,Fe2+)3...Al2Si8O22(OH)2 Glucose C6H12O6 Glycerin C3H5(OH)3 Glycerine (see Glycerin) Glycerol C3H8O3 Glycine NH2CH2CO2H Glycol C2H4(OH)2 Glycolic acid C2H4O3 Gmelinite (Na2,Ca)Al2Si4O12.6H2O Goethite FeO(OH) Gold Au Goslarite ZnSO4.7H2O Graphite C Greenockite CdS Grain alcohol (see Ethyl alcohol) Grossularite Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 Gummite UO3.nH2O Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O (see Calcium sulfate) Halite NaCl Halloysite Al2Si2O5(OH).nH2O Halothane CF3CHBrCl Harmin (see Harmine) Harmine C13H12N2O Harmotome (Ba,K)(Al,Si)2Si6O16.6H2O Hastingsite NaCa2(Fe,Mg)5Al2...Si6O22(OH)2 Hausmannite Mn3O4 Hauynite (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6...O24.(SO4,S)1-2 Hectorite (Mg,Li)6Si8O20(OH)4 Hedenbergite CaFe(Si2O6) Heliotrope (see Chalcedony) Helvite (Mn,Fe,Zn)4Be3(SiO4)3S Hematite Fe2O3 Hemimorphite Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O Hemoglobin Hb Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C7H16 Hercynite FeAl2O4 Hessite Ag2Te Heroin C21H23NO5 Heulandite CaAl2Si6O16.5H2O Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C6H14 Hexachlorophene C13Cl6H6O2 Hexamethylene diamine NH2(CH2)6NH2 Hiddenite (see Spodumene) Histamine C3H3N2.CH2.CH2.NH2 Histidine C6H9N3O2 Histidin (see Histidine) Holmquuisite (see Glaucophane) Hornblende Ca2Na(Mg,Fe2+)4(Al,Fe3+,Ti)AlSi8O22(O,OH)2 Horn Silver (see Cerargyrite) Huebnerite MnWO4 Humite Mg7(SiO4)3(F,OH)2 Hyacinth (see Zircon) Hyalite (see Opal) Hyalophane (K,Ba)Al(Al,Si)3O8 Hydrazine N2H4 NH2NH2 Hydrobromic acid HBr Hydrochloric acid HCl Hydrochlorous acid HClO2 Hydrofluoric acid HF Hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCO3)2 Hydrogen chloride HCl Hydrogen cyanide HCN Hydrogen iodide HI Hydrogen fluoride HF Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Hydrogen selenide H2Se Hydrogen sulfide H2S Hydrogen telluride H2Te Hydroiodic acid HI Hydromica (see Illite) Hydrosulfuric acid H2S Hydrozincite Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 Hypersthene (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Hypochlorous acid HClO Hypoiodous acid HIO Hyponitrous acid H2N2O2 Ice H2O Iceland Spar (see Calcite) Iddingsite H8Mg9Fe2Si3O14 Idocrase Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5...(Si2O7)2(OH)4 Illite Al,K,Ca,Mg Ilmenite FeTiO3 Ilvaite CaFe2+2Fe3+(SiO4)2(OH) Indicolite (see Tourmaline) Indigo C16H10N2O2 Iodrite AgI Iolite (see Cordierite) Iridium Ir Iridosmine Ir,Os Iron oxide Fe2O3 Iron pyrite (see Pyrite) Iron sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Isethionic C2H6O4S Isoprene C5H8 Jacinth (see Hyacinth, zircon) Jacobsite (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)...(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 Jade (see Jadite or Nephrite) Jadeite NaAlSi2O6 Jambosine C10H15O3N Jamesonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Jargon (see Zircon) Jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 Jasper (see Quartz) Kainite MgSO4.KCl.3H2O Kalinite (see Alum) Kaliophilite K(AlSiO4) Kalsilite (see Nepheline) Kaolin H4Al2Si2O9 Kaolinite Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Kernite Na2B4O7.4H2O Ketin C6H8O2 Ketine (Ketin) Krennerite AuTe2 Kunzite (see Spodumene) Kyanite Al2SiO5 Labradorite Ab50An50 - Ab30An70 Lactamide C3H7NO2 Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH Lactide C6H8O4 Langbeinite K2Mg2(SO4)3 Lapis Lazuli (see Lazurite) Larsenite PbZnSiO4 Laumontite (Ca,Na)Al2Si4O12.4H2O Lawsonite CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2.H2O Lazulite (Mg,Fe3+)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Lazurite (Na,Ca)4(AlSiO4)3(SO4,S,Cl) Lead iodide PbI2 Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 Lead sulfide PbS Lechatelierite SiO2 Lepidocrocite FeO(OH) Lepidolite K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2 Leucite K(AlSi2O6) Libethenite Cu2(PO4)(OH) Lime CaO Limestone (see Calcium carbonate) Limonite 2Fe2O3.3H2O Linarite PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 Linnaeite Co3S4 Lithium carbonate Li2CO3 Lithium chloride LiCl Lithium hydroxide LiOH Lithium Mica (see Lepidolite) Lithium oxide Li2O Lithium nitride Li3N Lithium sulfite Li2SO3 Lithiophilite Li(Mn2+,Fe2+)PO4 Loellingite FeAs2 Lophine C21H16N2 Lye (see Sodium hydroxide) Magnesite MgCO3 Magnesium carbonate (see Magnesite) Magnesium chloride MgCl2 Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Magnesium hypochlorite Mg(ClO2) Magnesium nitride Mg3N2 Magnesium oxide MgO Magnetite Fe3O4 Fe2O3 Malachite CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Cu2(OH)2CO3 Manganite Mn2O3.H2O or MnO(OH) Manganese oxide Mn2O3 MnO2 Manganosite MnO Mannitan C6H12O5 Mannitol C6H8(OH)6 Marcasite FeS2 Margarite CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 Marialite 3NaAlSi3O6.NaCl Marmatite (see Sphalerite) Martite (see Hematite) Meconin C10H10O4 Meerscaum (see Sepiolite) Meionite 3CaAl2Si2O6.CaCO3 Melaconite (see Tenorite) Melanite (see Andradite garnet) Melanterite FeSO4.7H2O Melilite (Na,Ca)2(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O7 Memetite (PbCl)Pb4(AsO4)3 Menaccanite (see Ilenite) Menaghinite CuPb13Sb7S24 Menthol C10H19OH Mercury oxide HgO Mescaline C11H17O3N Mesitylene C6H3(CH3)3 Methadrine C10H15N.HCl Methamphetamine C10H15N Methane CH4 Methanol (see Methyl alcohol) Methaqualone C16H19N2O Methenamine (CH2)6N4 Methionine C5H11NO2S Methyl acetate C3H6O2 Methyl alcohol CH3OH Methyl amine (see Methylamine) Methyl benzene (see Toluene) Methyl butyrate CH3CH2CH2COOCH2 Methyl chloride CH3Cl Methyl salicylate C6H4(OH)COOCH3 C8H8O3 Methylal CH2(OCH3)2 Methylamine CH3NH2 Methylene blue C16H18N3ClS.3H2O Metrazol C6H10N4 Miargyrite AgSbS2 Microcline KAlSi3O8 Microlite (Na,Ca)2(Ta,Nb)2O6 Microperthite (see Microcline and Albite) Milk of Magnesia (see Magnesium hydroxide) Millerite NiS Mimetite Pb5Cl(AsO4)3 Minium Pb3O4 Mispickel (see Arsenopyrite) Molybdenite MoS2 Monazite (Ce,La,Y,Th)(PO4,SiO4) Monosodium glutamate C5H8O4NaN Monticellite CaMgSiO4 Montmorillonite (Al,Mg)8(Si4O10)3...(OH)10.10H2O Moonstone (see Albite or Orthoclase) Morganite (see Beryl) Mucic acid (CHOH)4(CO2H)2 Mullite Al6Si2O13 Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Myoglobin Mb Nacrite Al2(Si2O5)(OH)2 Nagyagite Pb5Au(Te,Sb)4S5-8 Naphthalene C10H8 Natroalunite (Alunite with NaK) Natrolite Na2(Al2Si3O10).2H2O Nepheline (Na,K)AlSiO4 Nephrite (see Tremolite) Niccolite NiAs Nickel bloom (see Annabergite) Nickel iron Ni,Fe Nickel skutterudite (Ni,CO,Fe)As3 Nickel sulfate NiSO4 Nicotine C10H14N2 Nicotinic acid C6H5O2N Nitre KNO3 Nitric acid HNO3 Nitric oxide NO Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Nitrogen hydride (see Ammonia) Nitrogen monoxide NO Nitroglycerin C3H5(NO3)2 Nitroglycerine (Nitroglycerin) Nitromethane 4CH3NO2 Nitrous acid HNO2 Nitrous oxide NO2 Nonane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C9H20 Nondecane C19H40 Nontronite Fe(AlSi)8O20(OH)4 Nonylene C9H18 Norbergite Mg3(SiO4)(F,OH)2 Noselite Na8Al6Si6O24(SO4) Octadecanoic acid (see Stearic acid) Octahedrite (see Anatase) Octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C8H18 Octyl acetate CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Oil of wintergreen (see Methyl salicylate) Oligoclase Ab90An10-Ab70An30 Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Onyx (see Chalcedony) Opal SiO2.nH2O Orpiment As2S3 Orthite (see Allanite) Orthoclase K(AlSi3O8) Osmiridium (see Iridosmine) Ottrelite (Fe2+,Mn)(Al,Fe3+)...Si3O10.H2O Oxalic acid H2C2O4 Oxygen hydride (see water) Ozone O3 Palmitic acid CH3(CH2)14COOH Para-dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 Paragonite NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Pargasite NaCa2Mg4Al3Si6O22(OH)2 Paytine C21H24N2O Peacock ore (see Bornite) Pearceite (Ag,Cu)16As2S11 Pectolite NaCa2Si3O8(OH) Penninite (see Chlorite) Pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 C5H12 Pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8 Pentyl acetate CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Pentyl butyrate CH2CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Perbromic acid HBrO4 Perchloric acid HClO4 Peridot (see Olivine) Periodic acid H5IO6 Perovskite CaTiO3 Perthite (Microcline & Albite) Pentalite Li(AlSi4O10) Petzite Ag3AuTe2 Phenacaine C18H22N2O2.HCl Phenacite BeSiO4 Phenacetin C10H13O2N Phenacetine (Phenacetin) Phenaceturic C8H7O.NHCH2CO2H Phenazone C8H11ON Phenol C6H5OH C6H6O Phenolphtahlein C20H14O4 Phillipsite (K,Na2,Ca)Al2...Si4O12.H2O Phlogopite K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Phosgenite Pb2Cl2CO3 Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Phosphorus hydride PH3 Phosphorus pentachloride PCl5 Phosphuranylite Ca(UO2)4(PO4)2...(OH)4.7H2O Phtalic acid C6H4(CO2H)2 Phtalic anhydride C6H4(CO)2O Phthalimide C8H5O2N Phthalimid (Phthalimide) Phthalyl C6H4(CO)3 Picotite (see Chromium) Picric acid C6H2(NO2)3OH Picroerythrin C12H16O7 Picryl C6H2(NO2)3 Piedmontite (see Epidote) Pigeonite (Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3 Pinite (Muscovite mica) Pitchblende (see Uraninite) Plagioclase (aluminum silicates) Plagionite Pb5Sb8S17 Pleonaste (see Spinel) Plumbago (see Graphite) Pollucite (Cs,Na)2Al2Si4O12.H2O Polybasite (Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11 Polyhalite K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4.2H2O Potash Alum KAl(SO5)2.11H2O Potash mica (see Muscovite) Potasium acid tartrate (see Potasium biartrate) Potassium aluminum sulfate KAl(SO4)2.12H2O Potasium antimonyl tartrate KSbOC4H4O6.1/2H2O Potasium biartrate KHC4H4O6 Potasium bromide KBr Potasium chlorate KClO3 Potasium chloride KCl Potasium dichromate K2Cr2O7 Potasium hydroxide KOH Potasium nitrate KNO3 Potasium nitrite KNO2 Potasium oxide K2O Potasium permanganate KMnO4 Potasium sulfate K2SO4 Potasium superoxide KO2 Powellite CaMoO4 Prase (see green Jasper) Prehnite Ca2Al2(Si3O10)(OH)2 Proline C5H9O2N Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8 Propionic acid CH3CH2COOH Propylene (see Propane) Proustite Ag3AsS3 Popylene Oxide CH3CH(O)CH2 Psilomelane MnO2.H2O Putrescine C2H6N Pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3 Pyridine C5H5N Pyrite FeS2 Pyrochlore (Na,Ca)2(Nb,Ta)2O6(OH,F) Pyrolusite MnO2 Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl Pyrope (Mg,Fe)3Al2(SiO4)3 Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Pyrosulfuric acid H2S2O7 Phyrrhotite FeS Pyrolusite MnO2 Pyruvic acid CH3COCO2H Quartz (see Silica) Quicklime (see Calcium oxide) Quinaldine C10H9N Quinamicine C19H24N2O2 Quinamine (Quinamicine) Quinic acid C6H7(OH)4.COOH Quinidine C20H24N2O2 Quinidin (Quinidine) Quinine (Quinidine) Quinone C6H4O2 Quinonimine C6H5NO Quinoyl C6H2O2 Rammelsbergite NiAs2 Rasorite (see Kernite) Realgar AsS Red Ochre (see Hematite) Rhodocrosite MnCO3 Rhodolite 3(Mg,Fe)O,Al2O3.3SiO2 Rhodonite MnSiO3 Riebeckite Na2(Fe,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2 Rochelle salt KNaC4H4O6.4H2O Rock Salt (see Halite) Roescoelite K(U,Al,Mg)3Si3O10(OH)2 Rubellite (see Tourmaline) Ruby (see Corundum) Ruby Copper (see Cuprite) Ruby Silver (see Pyrargyrite or Proustite) Rust (see Iron oxide) Rutile TiO2 Sal soda Na2CO3.10H2O Salbutamol (see Albuterol) Salicylic acid C7H6O3 Salt (table) NaCl Saltpeter (see Nitre) Samarskite (Y,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th)...(Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6 Sanadine (see Orthoclase) Saponite (Mg,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 Sapphire (see Corundum) Satin Spar (see Gypsum) Scapolite (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3...Si6O24(Cl,CO3,SO4) Scheelite CaWO4 Schorlite (see Tourmaline) Scolecite Ca(Al2Si3O10).3H2O Scorodite FeAsO4.2H2O Scorzalite (Fe,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Sebacic C10H18O4 Selenite (see Gypsum) Selenium hydride (see Hydrogen selenide) Semseyite Pb9Sb8S21 Sepiolite Mg4(Si2O5)3(OH)2.6H2O Sericite (see Muscovite mica) Serpentine Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Siderite FeCO3 Sigenite (CO,Ni)3S4 Silane SiH4 Silica SiO2 Silicon dioxide SiO2 Silicon hydride SiH4 Silicon monoxide SiO Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 Sillimanite Al2SiO5 Silver chloride AgCl Silver cyanide AgCN Silver glance (see Argentite) Silver hydroxide AgOH Silver nitrate AgNO3 Silver sulfide (see Acanthite) Sklodowskite (Co,Ni,Fe)As3 Skutterudite (CoNiFe)As3 Smaltite (see Skutterudite) Smithsonite ZnCO3 Soapstone (see Talc) Soda ash Na2CO3 Soda nitre NaNO3 Sodalite Na4Al3Si3O12Cl Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 Sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O Sodium benzoate NaC7H5O2 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Sodium bromide NaBr Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Sodium chlorate NaClO3 Sodium chloride NaCl Sodium cyanide NaCN Sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 Sodium hydrogen carbonate (see Sodium bicarbonate) Sodium hydroxide NaOH Sodium hypochlorate NaClO Sodium hyposulfate (see Sodium thiosulfate) Sodium hyposulfite Na2S2O4 Sodium iodide NaI Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Sodium oxide Na2O Sodium peroxide Na2O3 Sodium phosphate Na3PO4 Sodium stannite NaSnO2 Sodium stearate NaC18H36O2 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 NaSO4 Sodium sulfide Na2S Sodium sulfite Na2SO3 Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 Solanine C46H73NO15 Sorbic acid C6H8O2 Specular iron (see Hematite) Spermine C10H26N4 Sperrylite PtAs2 Spessartite Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 Sphalerite (see Zinc sulfide) Sphene CaTiO(SiO4) Spinel MgAl2O4 Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 Stannane SnH4 Stannic chloride SnCl4 Stannite Cu2FeSnS4 Staurolite (Fe,Mg)2Al2Si4O23(OH) Stearic acid HC3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH CH3(CH2)16COOH Steatite (see Talc) Stephanite Ag5SbS4 Sternbergite AgFe2S3 Stibnite Sb2S3 Stilbite Na2CaAl2Si6O16.6H2O Stillwellite (Ce,La,Ca)BSiO5 Stolzite PbWO4 Stromeyerite (Cu,Ag)S Strontianite SrCO3 Strontium acetate Sr(C2H3O2)2 Succinic acid HOOC(CH2)2COOH (CH2CO2H)2 Succinimide C4H5NO2 Succinimid (see Succinimide) Sucrose C12H22O11 Sugar of Lead (see Lead acetate sulfate) Sulfonal C7H16S3O4 Sulfur dioxide SO2 Sulfur hydride (see Hydrogen sulfide) Sulfur trioxide SO3 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Sulfurous acid H2SO3 Sunstone (see Oligoclase) Sylvanite (Au,Ag)Te2 Sylvite KCl Table salt (see Sodium chloride) Talc Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 Tantalite (Fe,Mn)Ta2O6 Tartar emetic (see Potasium antimonyl tartrate) Tartaric acid (CHOH.COOH) C4H6O2 Table Sugar (see Sucrose) Tartralic acid C8H10O11 Tartramic acid C4H7NO5 Tartramide C4H8N2O4 Tennantite (Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)12As4S13 Tenorite CuO Tephroite Mn2(SiO4) Tetrachloromethane (see Carbon Tetrachloride) Tetraethyl lead Pb(C2H5)4 Tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)12Sb4S13 Tetramethylene diamine H2N(CN2)4NH2 Tetraphosphorus decoxide P4O10 Thenardite Na2SO4 Thiosulfuric acid H2S2O3 Thomsonite NaCa2Al5Si5O20.6H2O Thorianite ThO2 Thorite Th(SiO4) Thulite (see Zoisite) Tiger's Eye (see Quartz) Tin chloride (see Stannic chloride) Tinstone (see Cassiterite) Titanite (see Sphene) Toluene C6H5CH3 C7H8 Topaz Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2.8H2O Tourmaline (Na,Ca)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg)3Al6(BO3)3(Si6O18)(OH)4 Tremolite Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 Tribromoethanol CBr3CH2OH Tridymite SiO2 Triphylite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 Trinitrocresol C7H5O(NO2)3 Trinitromethane CH(NO2)3 Trinitrotoluene CH3C6H2(NO2)3 Troilite (see Pyrrhotite) Trona Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O Troostite (see Willemite) Tungsten oxide WO3 Tungstite WO3.nH2O Turgite 2Fe2O3.nH2O Turquoise CuAl6(P4)4(OH)8.5H2O Tyuyamunite Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2.5H2O Ulexite NaCab5O9.8H2O Ural C5H8NO3Cl3 Uralite (see Hornblende) Uraninite (see Uranium dioxide) Uranium dioxide UO2 Uranophane CaU2Si2O11.7H2O Uvarovite Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 Urea NH2CONH2 Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl Variscite Al(PO4).2H2O Vermiculite (see Biotite) Vesuvianite (see Idocrase) Violarite Ni2FeS4 Vivianite Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O Wad (see Manganese oxide) Washing soda (see Sodium carbonate) Water H2O Wavellite Al3(OH)3(PO4)2.5H2O Wernerite (see Scapolite) White Mica (see Muscovite) White Phosphorus P4 White Pyrite (see Marcasite) Willemite Zn2SiO4 Witherite BaCO3 Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 Wollastonite Ca(SiO3) Wood Tin (see Cassiterite) Wulfenite PbMoO4 Wurtzite (Zn,Fe)S Xenotime YPO4 Yttrium iron garnet Y3Fe5O12 Zinc chloride ZnCl2 Zinc sulfide ZnS Zincite ZnO Zinc Spinel (see Gahnite) Zinkenite Pb8Sb14S27 Zircon ZrSiO4 Zolsite Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) CODES Morse Code: Letter Original International ----- -------- ------------- A .- .- B -... -... C .. -.-. D -.. -.. E . . F .-. ..-. G --. --. H .... .... I .. .. J -.-. .--- K -.- -.- L - (long) .-.. M -- -- N -. -. O . --- P ..... .--. Q ..-. --.- R . .-. S ... ... T - - U ..- ..- V ...- ...- W .-- .-- X .-.. -..- Y .. -.-- Z ... --.. & . ... COINS United States of America Washington Quarter Dollar 1999-D Delaware 401,424,000 1999-P Delaware 373,400,000 1999-D Pennsylvania 358,332,000 1999-P Pennsylvania 349,000,000 1999-D New Jersey 299,028,000 1999-P New Jersey 363,200,000 1999-D Georgia 488,744,000 1999-P Georgia 451,188,000 1999-D Connecticut 657,880,000 1999-P Connecticut 688,744,000 2000-D Massachusetts 535,184,000 2000-P Massachusetts 628,600,000 2000-D Maryland 556,532,000 2000-P Maryland 678,200,000 2000-D South Carolina 566,208,000 2000-P South Carolina 742,576,000 2000-D New Hampshire 495,976,000 2000-P New Hampshire 673,040,000 2000-D Virginia 651,616,000 2000-P Virginia 943,000,000 2001-D New York 619,640,000 2001-P New York 655,400,000 2001-D North Carolina 427,876,000 2001-P North Carolina 627,600,000 2001-D Rhode Island 447,100,000 2001-P Rhode Island 423,000,000 2001-D Vermont 459,404,000 2001-P Vermont 423,400,000 2001-D Kentucky 370,564,000 2001-P Kentucky 353,000,000 2002-D Tennessee 286,468,000 2002-P Tennessee 361,600,000 2002-D Ohio 414,832,000 2002-P Ohio 217,200,000 2002-D Louisiana 401,804,000 2002-P Louisiana 362,000,000 2002-D Indiana 327,200,000 2002-P Indiana 362,600,000 Kennedy Half Dollar 2000-P 11,600,000 2001-D 19,504,000 2001-P 21,200,000 Sacagewea Golden Dollar 2000 (all) 1,300,000,000 COMPUTERS ASCII table ----------- Decimal Hex Value Value Mnuemonic Description ----- ----- --------- ----------- 0 00 NUL Null 1 01 SOH Start Of Heading 2 02 STX Start Text 3 03 ETX End Text 4 04 EOT End Of Transmission 5 05 ENQ Enquire 6 06 ACK Acknowledge 7 07 BEL Bell 8 08 BS Backspace 9 09 HT Horizontal Tab 10 0A LF Line Feed 11 0B VT Vertical Tab 12 0C FF Form Feed 13 0D CR Carriage Return 14 0E SO Shift Out 15 0F SI Shift In 16 10 DLE Data Link Escape 17 11 DC1 Direct Control 1 18 12 DC2 Direct Control 2 19 13 DC3 Direct Control 3 20 14 DC4 Direct Control 4 21 15 NAK Negative Acknowledge 22 16 SYN Synchronous idle 23 17 ETB End Transmission Block 24 18 CAN Cancel 25 19 EM End of Medium 26 1A SUB Substitute 27 1B ESC Escape 28 1C FS Form Separator 29 1D GS Group Separator 30 1E RS Record Separator 31 1F US Unit Separator 32 20 Space 33 21 ! 34 22 " 35 23 # 36 24 $ 37 25 % 38 26 & 39 27 ' 40 28 ( 41 29 ) 42 2A * 43 2B + 44 2C , 45 2D - 46 2E . 47 2F / 48 30 0 49 31 1 50 32 2 51 33 3 52 34 4 53 35 5 54 36 6 55 37 7 56 38 8 57 39 9 58 3A : 59 3B ; 60 3C < 61 3D = 62 3E > 63 3F ? 64 40 @ 65 41 A 66 42 B 67 43 C 68 44 D 69 45 E 70 46 F 71 47 G 72 48 H 73 49 I 74 4A J 75 4B K 76 4C L 77 4D M 78 4E N 79 4F O 80 50 P 81 51 Q 82 52 R 83 53 S 84 54 T 85 55 U 86 56 V 87 57 W 88 58 X 89 59 Y 90 5A Z 91 5B [ 92 5C \ 93 5D ] 94 5E ^ 95 5F _ 96 60 ` 97 61 a 98 62 b 99 63 c 100 64 d 101 65 e 102 66 f 103 67 g 104 68 h 105 69 i 106 6A j 107 6B k 108 6C l 109 6D m 100 6E n 111 6F o 112 70 p 113 71 q 114 72 r 115 73 s 116 74 t 117 75 u 118 76 v 119 77 w 120 78 x 121 79 y 122 7A z 123 7B { 124 7C | 125 7D } 126 7E ~ 127 7F DEL Delete EIA RS-232-C Pin assignments (DB25): Pin Mnuemonic Description --- -------- ----------- 1 Protective ground 2 TD Transmitted data 3 RD Received data 4 RTS Request to send 5 CTS Clear to send 6 DSR Data set ready 7 Signal ground 8 CD Carrier detect 9 (unused) 10 (unused) 11 Speed select (secondary RTS, see pin 19) 12 Speed indicator (secondary CD) 13 (unused) 14 (unused) 15 Transmit clock 16 (unused) 17 Receive clock 18 (unused) 19 Speed select (secondary RTS) 20 DTR Data terminal ready 21 (unused) 22 RI Ring Indicator 23 Speed select (secondary RTS, see pin 19) 24 (unused) 25 (unused) EIA RS-232 (DB9) pin assignments, DCE: Pin Mnuemonic Description --- -------- ----------- 1 DCD Data carrier detect 2 SIN Serial in 3 SOUT Serial out 4 DTR Data terminal ready 5 GND Ground 6 DSR Data set ready 7 RTS Request to send 8 CTS Clear to send 9 RI Ring indicator CURRENCY United States of America Currency: Unit Conversion/face value Face Obverse Dates ---- --------------------- ---- ------- ----- Penny one cent Head "ONE CENT" 1793-1857 Penny one cent Flying Eagle "ONE CENT" 1856-1858 Penny one cent Indian Head "ONE CENT" 1859-1908 Penny one cent Lincoln Wheat stalks 1909-1958 Penny one cent Lincoln Lincoln Memorial 1959+ Nickel 1 nickel = 5 pennies Shield "5" 1866-1883 Nickel 1 nickel = 5 pennies Liberty Head "V" 1883-1912 Nickel 1 nickel = 5 pennies Indian Head Buffalo 1913-1937 Nickel 1 nickel = 5 pennies Jefferson Monticello 1938+ Dime 1 dime = 2 nickels Capped Bust Eagle 1809-1837 Dime 1 dime = 2 nickels Seated Liberty " " 1837-1891 Dime 1 dime = 2 nickels Liberty Head " " 1892-1916 Dime 1 dime = 2 nickels Mercury Head Pillar 1916-1943 Dime 1 dime = 2 nickels Roosevelt 1946+ Quarter 1 quarter = 5 nickels Capped Bust Eagle 1831-1838 Quarter 1 quarter = 5 nickels Seated Liberty Eagle 1838-1891 Quarter 1 quarter = 5 nickels Liberty Head Eagle 1892-1916 Quarter 1 quarter = 5 nickels Standing Liberty Flying Eagle 1916-1930 Quarter 1 quarter = 5 nickels Washington Eagle 1932-1998 Quarter 1 quarter = 5 nickels Washington varies 1999+ Half-dollar 1 half-dollar = 2 quarters Liberty Bust Eagle 1831-1838 Half-dollar 1 half-dollar = 2 quarters Seated Liberty Eagle 1839-1891 Half-dollar 1 half-dollar = 2 quarters Barber Eagle 1892-1915 Half-dollar 1 half-dollar = 2 quarters Walking Liberty Eagle 1916-1947 Half-dollar 1 half-dollar = 2 quarters Franklin Liberty Bell 1948-1963 Half-dollar 1 half-dollar = 2 quarters Kennedy Eagle 1964+ Silver dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Seated Liberty Eagle 1840-1873 Silver dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Trade Eagle 1873-1885 Silver dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Morgan Eagle 1878-1921 Silver dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Peace Eagle 1921-1935 Silver dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Eisenhower Eagle 1971-1978 Silver dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Susan B. Anthony Eagle 1979-1999 Golden dollar 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Sacagawea Flying eagle 2000+ Silver 1 oz 1 dollar Walking Liberty Flying eagle 1986+ Gold .1 oz 5 dollars Walking Liberty Flying eagle Gold .25 oz 10 dollars Walking Liberty Flying eagle Platinum .1 oz 10 dollars Statue of Liberty Flying eagle 1997+ Gold 5 oz 25 dollars Walking Liberty Flying eagle Platinum .25 oz 25 dollars Statue of Liberty Flying eagle 1997+ Gold 1 oz 50 dollars Walking Liberty Flying eagle Platinum .5 oz 50 dollars Statue of Liberty Flying eagle 1997+ Platinum 1 oz 100 dollars Statue of Liberty Flying eagle 1997+ $1 bill 1 dollar = 2 half-dollars Washington Great Seal $2 bill = 2 dollars Jefferson Monticello $5 bill = 5 dollars Lincoln Lincoln Memorial $10 bill = 10 dollars Hamilton US Treasury $20 bill = 20 dollars Jackson White House $50 bill = 50 dollars Grant US Capitol $100 bill = 100 dollars Franklin Independence Hall $500 bill = 500 dollars McKinley "FIVE HUNDRED" $1,000 bill = 1,000 dollars Cleveland "ONE THOUSAND" $5,000 bill = 5,000 dollars Madison "FIVE THOUSAND" $10,000 bill = 10,000 dollars Chase "TEN THOUSAND" $100,000 bill = 100,000 dollars Wilson "ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND" USA Federal Reserve Bank Districts: Number Letter City ------ ------ ---- 1 A Boston, MA 2 B New York, NY 3 C Philadelphia, CN 4 D Cleveland, OH 5 E Richmond, VI 6 F Atlanta, GE 7 G Chicago, IL 8 H St. Louis, MI 9 I Minneapolis, MN 10 J Kansas City, MI 11 K Dallas, TX 12 L San Francisco, CA EARTH Atmosphere Gaseous part troposphere up to 25,000-60,000' Ozone layer 12-21 miles stratosphere tropopause + 20 miles mesosphere stratopause + 50 miles thermosphere mesopause to 600 miles ionosphere 50 to 400 miles exosphere 400+ miles Hydrosphere Liquid part Lithosphere Rocky part Seasons: Name Start End ---- ----- --- Spring 21-March 21-June Summer 21-June 21-September Fall 21-September 21-December Winter 21-December 21-March ELECTRONICS Color codes for resistors and capacitors ---------------------------------------- Color Value ----- ----- Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Gray 8 White 9 Gold 5% Silver 10% none 20% Equations --------- I = Q/T I=current in amperes, Q=coulombs, T=time in seconds G = 1/R G=conductance in mhos, R=resistance in ohms I = V/R I=current in amperes, V=volts, R=resistance in ohms CMOS ICs (4xxx): Number Description ------ ----------- 0 Dual 3-input NOR gate plus inverter 1 Quad 2-input NOR gates 2 Dual 4-input NOR gates 6 Variable-length shift register, serial in/out, to 18 stages 7 Dual CMOS pair plus inverter 8 4-bit full adder 9 Hex inverting buffer (use 4049) 10 Hex buffer (use 4050) 11 Quad 2-input NAND gates 12 Dual 4-input NAND gates 13 Dual D flip-flop 14 8-stage shift register, parallel in, serial out, clocked load 15 Dual 4-stage shift register, serial in, parallel out 16 Quad digital or analog bilateral switch (use 4066) 17 Divide-by-10 counter with 1-of-10 outputs, synchronous 18 Divide-by-2-through-10 counter, synchronous 19 4-pole, double-throw data selector 20 14-stage (divide-by-16384) binary ripple counter 21 8-stage shift register, parallel-in, serial-out 22 Divide-by-8 counter with 1-of-8 outputs, sychronous 23 Triple 3-input NAND gates 24 7-stage (divide-by-128) binary ripple counter 25 Triple 3-input NOR gates 26 Decade (divide-by-10) counter with 7-segment decoded output, synchronous 27 Dual JK flip-flop 28 BCD-to-decimal (1-of-10) decoder 29 up-down divide-by-10 or divide-by-16 counter, synchronous 30 Quad XOR gates (use 4070 or 4507) 31 64-stage static shift register, serial in/out, recirculate 32 Triple serial adder 33 Decade (divide-by-10) counter with 7-segment decoded output, synchronous 34 Bidirectional bus register 35 4-stage shift register, parallel in/out 38 Triple serial adder, negative logic 40 12-stage (divide-by-4096) binary ripple counter 41 Quad TLL buffer 42 Quad latch 43 Quad RS flip-flop, NOR logic 44 Quad RS flip-flop, NAND logic 46 Phase-locked loop 47 Low-power monostable/astable vibrator 48 Expandable 8-function 8-input gate, tri-state 49 Hex inverting buffer and TLL driver 50 Hex buffer and TTL driver 51 1-of-8 switch 52 Dual 1-of-4 switch 53 Triple 1-of-3 switch 60 14-stage (divide-by-16384) ripple counter, internal oscillator 63 4-bit magnitude comparator 66 Quad digital or analog bilateral switch 67 1-of-16 analog switch 68 8-input NAND gate 69 Hex inverter 70 Quad XOR gates 71 Quad 2-input OR gates 72 Dual 4-input OR gates 73 Triple 3-input AND gates 75 Triple 3-input OR gates 76 Quad D register, tri-state 77 Quad XNOR gates 78 8-input NOR gate 81 Quad 2-input AND gates 82 Dual 4-input AND gates 89 Binary rate multiplier 93 Quad 2-input NAND schmitt trigger 97 Dual 1-of-8 analog switch 99 8-bit addressable latch 106 Hex schmitt trigger 160 Decade counter, asynchronous clear 161 Binary counter, asynchronous clear 162 Decade counter, synchronous clear 163 Binary counter, synchronous clear 174 Hex D storage register 175 Quad D storage register 192 Decade up-down counter 193 Binary up-down counter 410 Touch-tone dialer 412 Modem 502 Hex inverters, tri-state 503 Hex buffer, tri-state 508 Dual 4-bit latch, tri-state 510 Divide-by-10 BCD up-down counter, synchronous, presettable 511 7-segment latch and driver 512 8-channel data selector, tri-state 514 1-of-16 decoder, high output 515 1-of-16 decoder, low output 516 Divide-by-16 binary up-down counter, synchronous, presettable 518 Dual synchronous divide-by-10 counter 519 4-bit AND/OR selector 520 Dual synchronous divide-by-16 counter 522 Decimal divide-by-n counter 526 Binary divide-by-n counter 527 Decimal rate multiplier 528 Dual retriggerable monostable 531 12-input parity generator 532 8-level priority encoder 539 Dual 4-input data selector 555 Dual 1-of-4 decoder 556 Dual 1-of-4 decoder, inverting 584 Hex schmitt triggers 702 Bit-rate generator 723 Dual 4-bit addressable latches 724 8-bit addressable latch ECL ICs (10xxx, 95xxx, and 11xxx): Number Description ------ ----------- 0 4-bit shift register 1 Dual 5-4 input OR/NOR gate 5 Divide by four counter (1 GHz) 6 D-type flip-flop (750 Mhz) 10 BCD decade counter 14 Active terminator 16 4-bit binary counter 24 Dual voltage controlled multivibrator 29 Edge-triggered JK flip-flop 44 Phase/frequency detector 58 Voltage controlled multivibrator 70 Master/slave D flip-flop 83 Divide by 248/256 prescaler (1 Ghz) 84 40-channel CB radio synthesizer 90 Prescaler (650 MHz) 91 Prescaler (650 MHz) 101 Triple 2-input OR/NOR 102 Quint 2-input OR/NOR 107 Quint XOR/XNOR 112 Quad drivers 113 Quad XOR with enable 114 Quint differential Line receiver 115 Line receiver 116 Line receiver 117 Triple 2-wide OA/OAI 118 5-wide 5,4,4,4,2 OA/OAI 122 9-bit buffer gate 123 Hex or Triple bus driver 124 Quad TTL to ECL translator 125 Quad ECL to TTL translator 130 Triple or Dual D latch 131 Triple or Dual D flip-flop 132 Dual multiplexer/latch 133 Quad latch 134 Dual multiplexer/latch 135 Dual JK flip-flop 136 4-stage up/down counter/register 137 4-stage up/down counter 138 1-of-8 decoder/demultiplexer 141 8-bit Universal shift register 142 4x4 content addressable memory 145 16x4 register file (RAM) 150 Hex D latch 151 Hex D flip-flop 153 Quad D latch 155 Quad multiplexer/latch 156 Mask-merge 158 Shift matrix 160 Dual 9-bit or 12-bit parity checker/generator 161 1-of-8 decoder 162 1-of-8 decoder 163 Dual 8-input multiplexer 164 8-input or 16-input multiplexer 165 8-input priority encoder 166 5-bit or 9-bit comparator 168 Quad latch/gated outputs 170 11-input parity checker/generator or universal decoder 171 Triple 4-input or Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplezer 172 Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplezer 173 Quad multiplexer/latch 174 Dual multiplexer 175 Quint latch 176 Hex D flip-flop 179 Carry lookahead generator 180 6-bit or Dual 2-bit adder/subtractor 181 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)/function generator 186 Hex D flip-flop with reset 192 Quad differential line driver 194 Quint transceiver 210 Dual 3-3 OR 211 Dual 3-3 NOR 231 Dual D flip-flop 299 8-bit universal shift storage register 405 128x1 RAM 410 256x1 RAM 411 256x1 RAM 414 256x1 RAM 415 1024x1 RAM 416 256x4 PROM 470 4096x1 RAM 513 Quad XOR with enable 514 Line receiver 515 Line receiver 516 Line receiver 523 Triple bus driver 524 Quad TTL to ECL translator 525 Quad ECL to TTL translator 530 Dual D latch 531 Dual D flip-flop 532 Dual multiplexer/latch 533 Quad latch 534 Dual multiplexer/latch 535 Dual JK flip-flop 536 4-stage up/down counter 537 4-stage up/down counter 541 Universal shift register 545 16x4 register file (RAM) 553 Quad D latch 560 12-bit parity checker/generator 561 1-of-8 decoder 562 1-of-8 decoder 564 8-input multiplexer 565 8-input priority encoder 566 5-bit comparator 568 Quad latch/gated outputs 570 11-input parity checker/generator 571 Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplezer 572 Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplexer 573 Quad multiplexer/latch 574 Dual multiplexer 575 Quint latch 576 Hex D flip-flop 579 Carry lookahead generator 580 Dual 2-bit adder/subtractor 581 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)/function generator 586 Hex D flip-flop with reset 592 Quad differential line driver 610 Dual 3-3 OR 611 Dual 3-3 NOR 631 Dual D flip-flop TTL ICs (74xxx and 54xxx): Number Description ------ ----------- 0 Quad 2-input NAND gates 1 Quad 2-input NAND gates, open collector 2 Quad 2-input NOR gates 3 Quad 2-input NAND gates, open collector 4 Hex inverters 5 Hex inverters, open collector 6 Hex inverter buffers/drivers, open collector, high-voltage output 7 Hex buffers/drivers, open collector, high-voltage output 8 Quad 2-input AND gates 9 Quad 2-input AND gates, open collector 10 Triple 3-input NAND gates 11 Triple 3-input AND gates 12 Triple 3-input NAND gates, open collector 13 Dual 4-input NAND schmitt triggers 14 Hex schmitt-trigger inverters 15 Triple 3-input AND gates, open collector 16 Hex inverter buffers/drivers, open collector, high voltage output 17 Hex buffers/drivers, open collector, high voltage output 20 Dual 4-input NAND gates 21 Dual 4-input AND gates 22 Dual 4-input NAND gates, open collector 23 Expandable Dual 4-input NOR gates with strobe 25 Dual 4-input NOR gates with strobe 26 Quad 2-input NAND gates, high voltage interface 27 Triple 3-input NOR gates 28 Quad 2-input NOR buffers 30 8-input NAND gates 32 Quad 2-input OR gates 33 Quad 2-input NOR buffers, open collector 34 Hex non-inverter 37 Quad 2-input NAND buffers 38 Quad 2-input NAND buffers, open collector 40 Dual 4-input NAN buffers 42 BCD-to-decimal 4-to-10 line decoder 43 Excess-3-to-decimal 4-to-10 line decoder 44 Excess-3-gray-to-decimal 4-to-10 line decoder 45 BCD-to-decimal decoder/driver 46 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, open collector, 30V output 47 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, open collector, 15V output 48 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, internal pull-up outputs 49 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, open collector 50 Dual 2-wide 2-input AND/OR/invert gates, expandable 51 Dual 2-wide 2-input AND/OR/invert gates 52 Expandable 4-wide AND/OR gates 53 Expandable 4-wide AND/OR gates 54 4-wide AND/OR/invert gates 55 2-wide 4-input AND/OR/invert gates 60 Dual 4-input expanders 61 Triple 3-input expanders 62 4-wide AND/OR expanders 63 Hex current-sensing interface gates 64 4-2-3-2 input AND/OR/invert gates, totem-pole output 65 4-2-3-2 input AND/OR/invert gates, open collector 70 AND gated JK flip-flop, positive-edge-triggered, preset & clear H71 AND/OR gated JK master-slave flip-flop, preset L71 AND gated RS master-slave flip-flop, preset & clear 72 AND gated JK master-slave flip-flop, preset & clear 73 Dual JK flip-flops, clear 74 Dual D-type flip-flops, positive-edge-triggered, preset & clear 75 4-bit bistable latches 76 Dual JK flip-flops, preset & clear 77 4-bit bistable latches 78 Dual JK flip-flops, preset, common clear, common clock 80 Gated full addder 81 16-bit RAM 82 2-bit binary full adder 83 4-bit binary full adder with carry 84 16-bit RAM 85 4-bit magnitude comparator 86 Quad 2-input XOR gates 87 4-bit true/complement, zero/one elements 88 256-bit ROM, open collector 89 64-bit RAM 90 Decade counter, divide by 2, divide by 5 91 8-bit shift register, gated input, serial 92 Divide by 12 counter, divide by 2, divide by 6 93 4-bit binary counter, divide by 2, divide by 8 94 4-bit shift register 95 4-bit shift register 96 5-bit shift register 97 Synchronus 6-bit binary rate multiplier 98 4-bit data selector/storage register 99 4-bit bidirectional universal shift register 100 8-bit bistable latches 101 AND/OR gated JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset 102 AND gated JK fkip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset, clear 103 Dual JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, clear 106 Dual JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset & clear 107 Dual JK flip-flop, clear 108 Dual JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset, common clear, common clock 109 Dual JK flip-flop, positive-edge triggered, preset, clear 110 AND gated JK master-slave flip-flop, data lockout 111 Dual JK master-slave flip-flop, data lockout 112 Dual JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset, clear 113 Dual JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset 114 Dual JK flip-flop, negative-edge triggered, preset, common clear, common clock 116 Dual 4-bit latches 120 Dual pulse synchronization/drivers 121 Monostable multivibrators 122 Retriggerable monostable multivibrators with clear 123 Dual retriggerable monostable multivibrators with clear 124 Dual voltage-controlled oscillators 125 Quad bus-buffer gates, three-state outputs 126 Quad bus-buffer gates, three-state outputs 128 50/75 ohm line driver 132 Quad 2-input NAND schmitt triggers 133 13-input NAND gate 134 12-input NAND gate, three-state outputs 135 Quad XOR/NOR gates 136 Quad XOR gates 137 3-line to 8-line decoder/demultiplexer with address latch 138 3-to-8 line decoder/multiplexer 139 Dual 2-4 line decoder/multiplexer 140 Dual 4-input NAND 50 ohm line drivers 141 BCD to decimal decoder/driver 142 Counter/latch/decoder/driver 143 Counter/latches/decoder/driver 144 Counter/latches/decoder/driver, open collector 145 BCD to decimal decoder/driver for lamps, relays, MOS 147 10-line decimal to 4-line BCD priority encoder 148 8-line to 3-line octal priority encoders 150 1 of 16 data selector/multiplexer 151 1 of 8 data selector/multiplexer 152 1 of 8 data selector/multiplexer 153 Dual 4-line to 1-line data selectors/multiplexers 154 4-line to 16-line decoder/demultiplexer 155 Decoder/demultiplexer, totem-pole outputs 156 Decoder/demultiplexer, open collector 157 Quad 2-to-1-line data selector/multiplexer 158 Quad 2-to-1-line data selector/multiplexer, inverted outputs 159 4-to-16-line decoder/multiplexer 160 Synchronous 4-bit counter, decade, direct clear 161 Synchronous 4-bit counter, binary, direct clear 162 Synchronous 4-bit counter, decade, synchronus clear 163 Synchronous 4-bit counter, binary, synchronus clear 164 8-bit parallel output serial shift register 165 Parallel-load 8-bit shift register, complementary outputs 166 8-bit shift register 167 Synchronous decade rate multiplier 168 4-bit up/down synchronus counter, Decade 169 4-bit up/down synchronus counter, Binary 170 4-by-4 register file (open collector) 172 16-bit register file (tristate) 173 4-bit D-type registers 174 Hex D-type flip-flops 175 Quad D-type flip-flops 176 Presetable counter/latch Decade (bi-quinary) 177 Presetable counter/latch Decade (binary) 178 4-bit universal shift register 179 4-bit universal shift register 180 9-bit odd/even parity generator/checker 181 Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function generator (ALU) 182 Look-ahead carry generator 183 Dual carry-save full adder 184 Code converter, cascadable, BCD-to-binary 185 Code converter, cascadable, binary-to-BCD 186 512-bit PROM, open collector, 64x8 187 1024-bit ROM, open collector, 256x4 188 256-bit PROM, open collector, 32x8 189 64-bit RAM, three-state outputs, 16x4 190 Synchronus up/down counter, BCD 191 Synchronus up/down counter, Binary 192 Synchronus up/down dual clock counter, BCD with clear 193 Synchronus up/down dual clock counter, Binary with clear 194 4-bit bidirectional universal shift register 195 4-bit parallel-access shift register 196 Presetable counter/latch, Decade/bi-quinary 197 Presetable counter/latch, Binary 198 8-bit bidirectional universal shift register 199 8-bit bidirectional universal shift register 200 256-bit RAM, three-state output, 256x1 201 256-bit RAM, three-state output, 256x1 202 256-bit RAM with power down, three-state outputs, 256x1 207 RAM, edge-triggered write control, 256x4 208 RAM, edge-triggered write control, three-state outputs, 256x4 214 RAM, three-state outputs, 1024x1 215 RAM, three-state outputs, power down, 1024x1 219 64-bit RAM, three-state outputs, 16x4 221 Dual monostable multivibrators 225 Asynchronus FIFO memory, 16x5 226 4-bit parallel latched bus transceivers 230 Octal bus driver, three-state outputs, inverted data 231 Octal bus driver, three-state outputs 240 Octal buffers/line drivers/line receivers, inverted three-state outputs 241 OCtal buffers/line drivers/line receivers, three-state outputs 242 Quad bus transceivers, inverted three-state outputs 243 Quad bus transceivers, three-state outputs 244 Octal buffers/line drivers/line receivers, three-state outputs 245 Octal bus transceivers, three-state outputs 246 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, active-low, open collector, 30V 247 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, active-low, open collector, 15V 248 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver 249 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver, open collector 251 Data selector/multiplexer, three-state outputs, true and inverting 253 Dual data selector/multiplexer, three-state outputs 257 Quad data selector/multiplexer, three-state outputs 258 Quad data selector/multiplexer, inverted three-state outputs 259 Eight-bit addressable latch 260 Dual 5-input NOR gates 261 2-bit by 4-bit parallel binary multiplier 265 Quad complementary output elements 266 Quad 2-input XNOR gates, open collector 270 2048-bit ROM, open collector, 512x4 271 2048-bit ROM, open collector, 256x8 273 Octal D-type flip-flop, common colck 274 4-bit by 4-bit binary multiplier 275 7-bit slice wallace tree, three-state output 276 Quad JK flip-flops, common clear, edge-triggered 278 4-bit cascadeable priority register, latched data inputs 279 Quad S-R latches, totem-pole outputs 280 9-bit odd/even parity generator/checker, cascadable 281 4-bit parallel binary accumulators, expandable 283 4-bit binary full adder 284 4-bit by 4-bit parallel binary multiplier 285 4-bit by 4-bit parallel binary multiplier 287 1024-bit PROM, three-state outputs, 256x4 288 256-bit PROM, three-state outputs, 32x8 289 64-bit RAM, open collector, 16x4 290 Decade counter, divide by 2 and divide by 6 293 4-bit binary counterm divide by 2 and divide by 8 295 4-bit bidirectional universal shift register 298 Quad 2-input multiplier with storage 299 8-bit bidirectional universal shift/storage register, three-state outputs 300 256-bit Read/Write Memory, open collector, 256x1 301 256-bit RAM, open collector, 256x1 302 256-bit Read/Write Memory, open collector, 256x1 314 1024-bit RAM, open collector, 1024x1 315 1024-bit RAM, open collector, 1024x1, power-down 319 64-bit RAM, open collector, 16x4 320 Crystal-controlled oscillator, two-phase outputs, 1-20 MHz 321 Crystal-controlled oscillator, two-phase outputs, 1-20 MHz 322 8-bit shift register with sign extend, three-state outputs 323 8-bit bidirectional universal shift/storage register, three-state outputs 324 Voltage-controlled oscillator, two-phase output 325 Dual voltage-controlled oscillators, two-phase outputs 326 Dual voltage-controlled oscillators, two-phase outputs 327 Dual voltage-controlled oscillators, one-phase output 347 BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver, open collector (low-voltage version of 47) 348 8-line to 3-line priority encoder, three-state output 351 Dual 8-line to 1-line data selector/multiplexer, three-state outputs 352 Dual 4-line to 1-line data selectors/multiplexers, inverting version of 153 353 Dual 4-line to 1-line data selectors/multiplexers, inverting version of 253 362 4-phase clock generator/driver for TMS 9900 microprocessor 363 Octal D-type latches, three-state outputs 364 Octal D-type flip-flops, three-state outputs 365 Hex bus drivers, three-state outputs 366 Hex bus drivers, three-state outputs, inverted outputs 367 Hex bus drivers, three-state outputs, 4-line and 2-line enables 368 Hex bus drivers, three-state outputs, 4-line and 2-line enables, inverted outputs 370 2048-bit ROM, three-state outputs, 512x4 371 2048-bit ROM, three-state outputs, 256x8 373 Octal D-type latches, three-state outputs, common enable 374 Octal D-type flip-flops, three-state outputs, common clock 375 4-bit bistable latch 376 Quad JK flip-flops, common clock & clear 377 Octal D-type flip-flops, common enable & clock 378 Hex D-type flip-flops, common enable & clock 379 Quad D-type flip-flops, common enable & clock 381 Arithmetic Logic Unit/function generator (ALU), use 182 for look-ahead 382 Arithmetic Logic Unit/function generator (ALU) 384 8-bit by 1-bit two's-complement multiplier 385 Quad serial adder/subtractor 386 Quad 2-input XOR gates 387 1024-bit PROM, open collector, 256x4 390 Dual decade counters, bi-quinary or BCD sequences 393 Dual 4-bit binary counters 395 4-bit universal shift registers 396 Octal storage register 398 Quad 2-input multiplexers with storage, double-rail outputs 399 Quad 2-input multiplexers with storage, single-rail outputs 409 Dynamic Memory controller 412 Multi-mode buffered 8-bit latch, three-state outputs, clear 424 Two-phase clock generator for 8080A 425 Quad gates, three-state outputs, active high enable 426 Quad gates, three-state outputs, active low enable 428 System controller for 8080A 438 System controller for 8080A 442 Quad tri-directional bus transceivers, three-state outputs 443 Quad tri-directional bus transceivers, three-state outputs 444 Quad tri-directional bus transceivers, three-state outputs 445 BCD-to-decimal decoder/driver 447 BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver, open collector 470 2048-bit PROM, open collector, 256x8 471 2048-bit PROM, three-state outputs, 256x8 472 PROM, three-state outputs 473 PROM, open collector 474 PROM, three-state outputs 475 PROM, open collector 481 4-bit slice processor element 482 4-bit slice expandable control element 490 Dual decade counters 508 8-bit Multiplier/Divider 516 16-bit Multiplier/Divider 533 Inverting octal D latch 534 Inverting octal D flip-flop 558 8 x 8 flow-through multiplier (cascadable to 56 x 56) 573 Octal D-type latches 574 Octal D-type flip-flops 575 Octal O-type flip-flop, sychronous clear 576 Inverting octal D-type flip-flops 577 Inverting octal D-type flip-flops, synchronous preset 580 Inverting Octal D-type latches 640 Octal bus transceivers, three-state outputs, inverting outputs 641 Octal bus transceivers, open collector 642 Octal bus transceivers, open collector, inverting outputs 643 Octal bus trabsceivers, three-state outputs, true and inverting 644 Octal bus transceivers, open collector, true and inverting 645 Octal bus transceivers, three-state outputs 646 Octal bus transceiver/register 648 Inverting octal bus transceiver/register 651 Octal bus transceiver/register 652 Inverting octal bus transceiver/register 668 Synchronous 4-bit up/down decade counter, cascadable 669 Synchronous 4-bit up/down binary counter, cascadable 670 4-by-4 register file, three-state outputs, expandable to 1024 words 673 16-bit shift register, serial to parallel 674 16-bit shift register, parallel to serial 681 4-bit parallel binary accumulator 690 Synchronous decade counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 691 Synchronous binary counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 692 Synchronous decade counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 693 Synchronous binary counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 696 Synchronous up/down decade counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 697 Synchronous up/down binary counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 698 Synchronous up/down decade counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 699 Synchronous up/down binary counter/register, multiplexed three-state outputs 804 Hex 2-input NAND driver 805 Hex 2-input NOR driver 808 Hex 2-input AND driver 832 Hex 2-input OR driver 870 Dual 16 words x 4 bits register file with tri-state outputs 873 Dual 4-bit D-type transparent latch 874 Dual 4-bit D-type flip-flop, edge-triggered 876 Dual 4-bit D-type inverting flip-flop 878 Dual 4-bit D-type flip-flop, synchronous clear 879 Dual 4-bit D-type inverting flip-flop, synchronous clear 880 Dual 4-bit D-type inverting transparent latch 881 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 1000 Buffer 00 gate 1004 Buffer 04 inverter 1008 Buffer 08 gate 1032 Buffer 32 gate 1034 Hex non-inverting buffer 1036 Quad 2-input NOR buffer EPROM ICs (27xx): Number Size ------ ---- 8 1K x 8 16 2K x 8 32 4K x 8 64 8K x 8 128 16K x 8 256 32K x 8 GENEOLOGY Relation Male Female -------- ---- ------ Parent Father Mother Parent's parent Grandfather Grandmother Grandparent's parent Great Grandfather Great Grandmother (add one "great" per generation ad infinitum) Child Son Daughter Child's child Grandson Granddaughter Grandchild's child Great Grandson Great Granddaughter (add one "great" per generation ad infinitum) Parent's sibling Uncle Aunt Grandparent's sibling Great uncle Great aunt Great grandparent's sibling Great grand uncle Great grand aunt (add one "great" per generation ad infinitum) Sibling's child Nephew Niece Sibling's grandchildren Grand nephew Grand niece Sibling's great grandchildren Great grand nephew Great grand niece (add one "great" per generation ad infinitum) Aunt/Uncle's child First Cousin Great aunt/uncle's child Second cousin Great grand aunt/uncle's child Third cousin Aunt/Uncle's grandchild First cousin, once removed (add one removal per generation ad infinitum) Great grand aunt/uncle's grandchild Second cousin, once removed GEOGRAPHY The seven seas: Artic Indian North Pacific South Pacific North Atlantic South Atlantic Southern Postal Political Unit Capital abbreviation Date -------------- ------- ------------ ---- United States Washington DC USA 4-Jul-1776 bird = Bald Eagle Alabama Montgomery AL 1819 Autauga Prattville Baldwin Bay Minette Barbour Clayton Bibb Centreville Blount Oneonta Bullock Union Springs Butler Greenville Calhoun Anniston Chambers Lafayette Cherokee Centre Chilton Clanton Choctaw Butler Clarke Grove Hill Clay Ashland Cleburne Heflin Coffee Elba Colbert Tuscumbia Conecuh Evergreen Coosa Rockford Covington Andalusia Crenshaw Luverne Cullman Cullman Dale Ozark Dallas Selma De Kaib Fort Payne Elmore Wetumpka Escambia Brewton Etowah Gadsden Fayette Fayette Franklin Russellville Geneva Geneva Greene Eutaw Hale Greensboro Henry Abbeville Houston Dothan Jackson Scottsboro Jefferson Birmingham Lamar Vernon Lauderdale Florence Lawrence Moulton Lee Opelika Limestone Athens Lowndes Hayneville Macon Tuskegee Madison Huntsville Marengo Linden Marion Hamilton Marshall Guntersville Mobile Mobile Monroe Monroeville Montgomery Montgomery Morgan Decatur Perry Marion Pickens Carrollton Pike Troy Randolph Wedowee Russell Phenix City Saint Clair Ashville & Pell City Shelby Columbiana Sumter Livingston Talladega Talaadega Tallapoosa Dadeville Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Walker Jasper Washington Chatom Wilcox Camden Winston Double Springs Alaska Juneau AK 1959 Aleutians East Bethel Dillingham Nome North Slope Northwest Artic Southeast Fairbanks Wade Hampton Arizona Phoenix AS 1912 Apache Saint Johns Cochise Bisbee Coconino Flagstaff Gila Globe Graham Safford Greenlee Clifton La Paz Parker Maricopa Phoenix Mohave Kingman Navajo Holbrook Pima Tucson Pinal Florence Santa Cruz Nogales Yavapai Prescott Yuma Yuma Arkansas Little Rock AZ 1836 Arkansas DeWitt & Stuttgart Ashley Hamburg Baxter Mountain Home Benton Bentonville Boone Harrison Bradley Warren Calhoun Hampton Carroll Bennyville & Eureka Chicot Lake Village Clark Arakdelphia Clay Coming & Piggott Cleburne Herber Springs Cleveland Rison Columbia Magnolia Conway Morilton Craighead Jonesboro & Lake City Crawford Van Buren Crittenden Marion Cross Wynne Dallas Fordyce Desha Arkansas City Drew Monticello Faulkner Conway Franklin Charleston & Ozark Fulton Salem Garland Hot Springs Grant Sheridan Greene Paragould Hampstead Hope Hot Spring Malvern Howard Nashville Independence Batesville Izard Melbourne Jackson Newport Jefferson Pine Bluff Johnson Clarksville Lafayette Lewisville Lawrence Walnut Ridge Lee Marianna Lincoln Star City Little River Ashdown Logan Booneville & Paris Lonoke Lonoke Madison Huntsville Marion Yellville Miller Texarkana Mississippi Blytheville & Osceola Monroe Clarendon Montgomery Mount Ida Nevada Prescott Newton Jasper Quachita Camden Perry Perryville Phillips Helena Pike Murfeesboro Poinsett Harrisburg Polk Mena Pope Russellville Prarie Des Arc & De Valls Bluff Pulaski Little Rock Randolph Pocahontas Saint Francis Forrest City Saline Benton Scott Waldron Searcy Marshall Sebastian Fort Smith & Greenwood Sevier De Queen Sharp Ash Flat Stone Mountain View Union El Dorado Van Buren Clinton Washington Fayetteville White Searcy Woodruff Augusta Yell Danville & Dardanelle California Sacramento CA 1850 Alameda Los Angeles Orange Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco Santa Clara Colorado Denver CO 1876 Douglas Hinsdale Connecticut Hartford CT 4-Jul-1776 Delaware Dover DE 4-Jul-1776 Florida Tallahassee FL 1845 Broward Charlotte Collier Dade Flager Hernando Lee Orange Osceola Georgia Atlanta GA 4-Jul-1776 Camden Cherokee Dawson Fayette Gwinnett Hawaii Honolulu HI 1959 Idaho Boise ID 1890 Clark Illinois Springfield IL 1810 bird = Cardinal Cook Peoria Rock Island Indiana Indianapolis IN 1816 bird = Cardinal Lake Iowa Des Moines IA 1846 Kansas Topeka KS 1861 Kentucky Frankfort KY 1792 bird = Cardinal Louisiana Baton Rouge LA 1812 Orleans Maine Augusta ME 1820 Maryland Annapolis MD 4-Jul-1776 Baltimore Massachusetts Boston MA 4-Jul-1776 Middlesex Suffolk Michigan Lansing MI 1837 Genesee Oakland Saginaw Wayne Minnesota St. Paul MN 1858 Brown Carlton Cook Dodge Douglas Fillmore Freeborn Grant Hennepin Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac Qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Rosequ Scott St. Louis Mississippi Jackson MS 1817 Missouri Jefferson City MO 1821 St. Louis Montana Helena MT 1889 Carter Garfield Petroleum Nebraska Lincoln NE 1867 Nevada Carson City NV 1864 Elko Esmeralda Eureka Lincoln Nye New Hampshire Concord NH 4-Jul-1776 New Jersey Trenton NJ 4-Jul-1776 Bergen Essex Hudson Union New Mexico Santa Fe NM 1912 Catron Harding Sandoval New York Albany NY 4-Jul-1776 Bronx Erie Kings Nassau New York Queens Richmond Suffolk North Carolina Raleigh NC 4-Jul-1776 bird = Cardinal North Dakota Bismark ND 1889 Ohio Columbus OH 1803 bird = Cardinal Cuyahoga Mahoning Oklahoma Oklahoma City OK 1907 Oregon Salem OR 1859 Clackamas Multnomah Pennsylvania Harrisburg PA 4-Jul-1776 Allegheny Beaver Cambria Philadelphia Westmoreland Rhode Island Providence RI 4-Jul-1776 South Carolina Columbia SC 4-Jul-1776 South Dakota Pierre SD 1889 Tennessee Nashville TN 1796 Texas Austin TX 1845 Bexar Collin Dallas Denton Fort Bend Harris Kenedy King Loving Rockwall Tarrant Williamson Utah Salt Lake City UT 1896 Washington Vermont Montpelier VT 1791 Virginia Richmond VA 1776 bird = Cardinal Alexandria Arlington Charlottesville Falls Church Manassas Park Norfolk Richmond Spotsylvania Washington Olypmia WA 1889 King Pierce Snohomish West Virginia Charleston WV 1863 bird = Cardinal Kanawha McDowell Wisconsin Madison WI 1848 Milwaukie Wyoming Cheyenne WY 1890 District of Columbia n/a DC Puerto Rico San Juan PR Guam Agana GU Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas VI American Samoa Pago Pago HISTORY Reckoned from Big Bang: Time Description ---- ----------- 10E-43 seconds "Planck time". Gravity separates from other forces. 10E-36 seconds Strong force separates from other forces. 10E-36 to 10E-32 seconds Inflation of universe. 10E-32 to 10E-5 seconds Quarks and anitquarks annihilate each other. 10E-12 seconds Electromagnetism separates from weak force. 10E-5 seconds Quark confinement: protons & neutrons form. 10E-5 seconds to 3 minutes Nuclei form. 300,000 years Electromagnetic energy and matter separate. 200,000,000 years+ Galaxies form. Reckoned from present: Millions of Years ago Description ----------- ----------- 4,600 Creation of the Earth 600 PALEOZOIC ERA 600 Cambrian period ("Golden Age of Trilobites") 500 Ordovician period 425 Silurian period 405 Devonian period ("Age of Fishes") 345 Mississippian period 310 Pennsylvanian period 280 Permian period 230 MESOZOIC ERA ("Age of Dinosaurs") 230 Triassic period 181 Jurassic period 144-135 Cretaceous period 144-135 Lower Cretaceous 99 Upper Cretaceous 99 Cenomanian stage 93 Turonian stage 89 Coniacian stage 86 Santonian stage 83 Campanian stage 71 Maastrichtian stage 66-63 CENOZOIC ERA ("Age of Mammals" or "Age of Flowering Plants") 63 Tertiary period 63 Lower Tertiary period 63 Paleocene epoch 58 Eocene epoch 36 Oligocene epoch 25 Upper Tertiary period 25 Miocene epoch 13 Pliocene epoch 1 Quaternary period 1 Pleistocene epoch 0 Recent epoch 1,000's of Years ago Description ----------- ----------- 1,500 Palaeolithic ("Stone Age") 250+ Lower Palaeolithic 225 Middle Palaeolithic 40 Upper Palaeolithic 10 Recent Year(s) Description ------- ----------- 8300-3400 BC Neolithic 4500-3200 BC Chalcolithic 3200-1200 BC Bronze Age 3200-2200 BC Early Bronze Age 2200-1550 BC Middle Bronze Age 1550-1200 BC Late Bronze Age 1200-586 BC Iron Age 586-539 BC Babylonian period 539-332 BC Persian period 332-141 BC Hellenistic period 141-37 BC Hasmonean period 63 BC - 324 Roman period 63 BC - 135 Early Roman period 324-638 Byzantine period 638-1516 Arab period 1099-1291 Crusader period Medieval 1400-1600 Renaisassance 1516-1917 Ottoman period 1550-1750 Baroque Classical Romantic Impressionist Modern Post-Modern Steam age 1958- Space age The Seven Wonders of the World 1. The Pyramids of Egypt 2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3. The Colossus at Rhodes 4. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia 7. The Lighthouse at Alexandria LANGUAGE Outline: Indo-European Albanian Armenian Balto-Slavic Baltic Lettish Lithuanian Old Slavic Polish Russian Celtic Irish Gaelic Manx Welsh Germanic East Germanic Gothic North Germanic East Norse Swedish Danish West Norse Norwegian Icelandic West Germanic High German German Low German Low Franconian Dutch Old English Middle English Modern English Cockney Vernacular Southern English Old Frisian Frisian Old Saxon Plattdeutsch Hellenic Greek Indian Sanskrit Iranian Avestan Old Persian Persian Italic Latin French Italian Portuguese Spanish English animal grouping: Animal Group name ------ ---------- Ape Shrewdness Ass Pace Badger Cete Bear Sloth or sleuth Bird Flock, volery, or dissimulation Bittern Sedge or seige Capercaillies Tok Cattle Herd (any four-footed herbivore) Chick Brood or clutch Chicken Peep Chough Chattering, or clattering Cony Herd Coot Covert, cover, raft, or flock Crane Herd or sedge Crow Murder or hover Curlew Herd Deer Herd Dog Pack Dotterel Trip Dove Dole, dule, piteousness, prettying, pitying, or flight Duck Dopping, flush, paddling, plump, battling, or team (in flight) Dunlin Fling Eagle Convocation or flight Elephant Herd Falcon Cast Finch Charm, trimming, or trembling Fish School Flamingo Flamboyance Fox Skulk Gannet Company Goat Trip Goldfinch Charm, chattering, drum, or troubling Goose Gaggle, flock, skein (in flight), nide, wedge, or flight Grouse Pack, covey, or brace Guillemot Bazaar Gull Colony or pack Hare Herd Hawk Cast, kettle, or leash Heron Sedge or siege Hound Mute Hummingbird Charm, chattering, drum, or troubling Insect Swarm Jay Band or party Kingfisher Concentration Kitten Litter Lapwing Deceit, or desert Lark Exaltation, exalting, or bevy Leopard Leap Lion Pride Magpie Tiding Mallard Duck Sord, sore, suce, flush, or puddling Mare Stod Marten Richness Mole Labor Nightengale Watch, match, or flock Owl Parliment or stare Parrot Company or flock Partridge Bew, or covey Peacocks Muster, ostentation, pride, or flock Penguin Colony, rookery Pheasants Nide, nye, bouquet, brrod, covey, or muster Plover Congregation, leash, or wing Ptarmigan Covey Puppy Litter Quail Bevy or covey Raven Unkindness, or conspiracy Rhinocerous Crash Roe Bevy Rook Building, clamour, parish, or parliment Ruff Hill Sea birds Concourse, wreck Sheep Flock or drove (being driven) Sheldrake Dopping, or doading Snipe Wisp, or walk Sparrow Host, quarrel, or tribe Starling Murmation Stork Muster Swan Bank, squadron, wedge, or whiteness Teal Coil, knob, raft, or spring Thrush Mutation Turkey Mob, muster, raffle, rafter, or flock Turtledove Pitying Waterfowl Plump Whale Pod, herd, or school (any marine mammal) Widgeon Company Wildfowl Trip Wild Boar Sounder Wolves Pack, or route Woodcock Fall, or plump Woodpecker Descent Wren Herd Greek Alphabet: Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega Primary language speakers: Language Speakers Rank -------- -------- ---- Mandarin 844,000,000 1st English 800,000,000 2nd Spanish 280,000,000 3rd French 115,000,000 German 101,000,000 MATHEMATICS Constants & Conversions: Mass of: Proton=1.0075957+/-.000001 Neutron=1.0089861+/-.0000015 Electron=(5.487675+/-.00004)E-4 = (9.1085+/-.0004)E-28 gm Dueteron=2.0141915+/-.0000028 Triton=3.016456+/-.000005 Avogardo's number (N) = (6.0248+/- .0002)E+23 mole ^ -1 Boltzmann constant (k) = (1.38046+/-.00005)E-16 erg/deg E = 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69996 Electric charge (e) = (4.80281+/-.00008)E-10 esu Euler's constant = 0.57721566490153286061 Faraday (F=(N*e)/c) = 9652+/-.2 emu/(gm equivalent) Fine structure constant (a=2*PI*E^2/h*c) = (7.29719+/-.00003)E-3 = Gas constant per mole (R.=N*k) = (8.3170+/-.0002)E+7 erg/mole deg Pi = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37511 Plank's constant (h) = (6.6251+/-.0002)E-27 erg sec Molar volume (V.) = (2.24208+/-.00003)E+4 cubic cm/mole Velocity of light (c) = (2.997928+/-.000004)E+10 cm/sec 1/(137.039+/-.0005) 1 electron volt = (1.60204+/-.00007)E-12 erg = 11605.1K (E=k*T) = 1.78251E-33 g (E=m*c^2) = 2.41813E+14 sec^-1 (E=h*v) Powers of 2: 2^0= 1 2^1= 2 2^2= 4 2^3= 8 2^4= 16 (1 decimal digit of precision) 2^5= 32 2^6= 64 2^7= 128 (2 decimal digits of precision) 2^8= 256 2^9= 512 2^10= 1,024 (3 decimal digits of precision) 2^11= 2,048 2^12= 4,096 2^13= 8,192 2^14= 16,384 (4 decimal digits of precision) 2^15= 32,768 2^16= 65,536 2^17= 131,072 (5 decimal digits of precision) 2^18= 262,144 2^19= 524,288 2^20= 1,048,576 (6 decimal digits of precision) 2^21= 2,097,152 2^22= 4,194,304 2^23= 8,388,608 2^24= 16,777,216 (7 decimal digits of precision) 2^25= 33,554,432 2^26= 67,108,864 2^27= 134,217,728 (8 decimal digits of precision) 2^28= 268,435,456 2^29= 536,870,912 2^30= 1,073,741,824 (9 decimal digits of precision) 2^31= 2,147,483,648 2^32= 4,294,967,296 2^33= 8,589,934,592 2^34= 17,179,869,184 (10 decimal digits of precision) 2^35= 34,359,738,368 2^36= 68,719,476,736 2^37= 137,438,953,472 (11 decimal digits of precision) 2^38= 274,877,906,944 2^39= 549,755,813,888 2^40= 1,099,511,627,776 (12 decimal digits of precision) 2^41= 2,199,023,255,552 2^42= 4,398,046,511,104 2^43= 8,796,093,022,208 2^44= 17,592,186,044,416 (13 decimal digits of precision) 2^45= 35,184,372,088,832 2^46= 70,368,744,177,664 2^47= 140,737,488,355,328 (14 decimal digits of precision) 2^48= 281,474,976,710,656 2^49= 562,949,953,421,312 2^50= 1,125,899,906,842,624 (15 decimal digits of precision) 2^51= 2,251,799,813,685,248 2^52= 4,503,599,627,370,496 2^53= 9,007,199,254,740,992 2^54= 18,014,398,509,481,984 (16 decimal digits of precision) 2^55= 36,028,797,018,963,968 2^56= 72,057,594,037,927,936 2^57= 144,115,188,075,855,872 (17 decimal digits of precision) 2^58= 288,230,376,151,711,744 2^59= 576,460,752,303,423,488 2^60= 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 (18 decimal digits of precision) 2^61= 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 2^62= 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 2^63= 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 2^64= 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (19 decimal digits of precision) MEASURES Bicron = .000,000,001 (one billioneth) meter Micron = .000,001 (one millioneth) meter Foot = 12 inches Yard = 3 feet = 36 inches Mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet = 63,360 inches Astronomical Unit (AU) = 93,000,000 miles = 491,040,000,000 feet Light year = 63,240 AU = 5,880,000,000,000 miles Parsec = 3.26 light years = 206,000 AU = 19,170,000,000,000 miles Degree = 69.171 miles at equator (longitude) 68.708 miles at equator, 69.403 miles at pole (latitude) Bushell = 4 Pecks = 8 Gallons = 64 Quarts Peck = 2 Gallons = 8 Quarts Gallon = 4 Quarts Abampere = 10 amperes NUMERICS IN ENGLISH Arabic English Metric Metric Alt Alt. Alt alt Alt 2 Alt. Greek 2-D 3-D Arabic Roman English Ordinal Ordinal Prefix Abbrev. Radix Radix Group Group Group Group Prefix Prefix Prefix Multiplier Math Positional Geometry Geometry Government ------ ----- ------- ------- ------- ------ ------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------- ----- ------ ------ ------ ---------- ---- ---------- -------- -------- ---------- 0 zero 0th zeroeth non a niladic anarchy 1 i one 1st first unary solo unity monad simplex uni mono mono single monadic primary point monarchy, caesarism, autocracy 2 ii two 2nd second binary duet duality duo, duplex bi di di double dyadic secondary line plane tetrarchy dyad 3 iii three 3rd third ternary trio trinity triad triplex tri tri tri triple triadic tertiary triangle 4 iv four 4th fourth quatrinary quartet quadruplex quad tetra quadruple square cube 5 v five 5th fifth quinary quintet pentad penta quint penta quintuple pentagon pentahedron pentarchy 6 vi six 6th sixth hexa sextet hexad sextuplex sexta hexa hex sextuple hexadic hexagon hexahedron hexarchy 7 vii seven 7th seventh septimal septenary septet heptad septi hepta hepta septuple septuary heptagon heptarchy 8 viii eight 8th eighth octal octinary octet octad octa octo octa octuple octonal octagon octahedron octarchy 9 ix nine 9th ninth 10 x ten 10th tenth deca da decimal decad decuple 11 xi eleven 11th eleventh 12 xii twelve 12th twelfth duodecimal duodenary dihexagon duodenary 13 xiii thirteen 13th thirteenth 14 xiv fourteen 14th fourteenth 15 xv fifteen 15th fifteenth hexadecimal quindecagon 16 xvi sixteen 16th sixteenth 17 xvii seventeen 17th seventeenth 18 xviii eighteen 18th eighteenth 19 xix nineteen 19th ninteenth 20 xx twenty 20th twentieth 30 xxx thirty 30th thirtieth 40 xl forty 40th fortieth 48 iil fortyeight 48th fortyeighth hexoctahedron 50 l fifty 50th fiftieth 60 lx sixty 60th sixtieth sexagesimal sexagenary 70 lxx seventy 70th seventieth 80 lxxx eighty 80th eightieth 90 xc ninety 90th ninetieth 100 c one hundred 100th one hundreth hecto h centuple 200 cc two hundred 200th two hundreth bicentenary 300 ccc three hundred 300th three hundreth 400 cd four hundred 400th four hundreth 500 d five hundred 500th five hundreth 600 dc six hundred 600th six hundreth sexcentenary 700 dcc seven hundred 700th seven hundreth 800 dccc eight hundred 800th eight hundreth 900 cm nine hundred 900th nine hundreth 1000 m one thousand 1000th one thousandth kilo k 2000 mm two thousand 2000th two thousandth 1000000 one million 1000000th one millionth mega M 1000000000 one billion 1000000000th one billionth giga G 1000000000000 one trillion 1000000000000th one trillionth tera T 1000000000000000 one quadrillion ...etc... ...etc... pecta P penta 1000000000000000000 one quintillion exa E 1000000000000000000000 one sextillion zetta Z 10^24 one septillion yotta Y 10^27 one octillion 10^30 one nonillion 10^33 one decillion 10^100 one googol 1/6 one sixth subsextuple .1 one tenth deci d .25 one quarter quarter .5 one half hemi half .01 one one-hundreth centi c .001 one one-thousandth milli m .000001 one one-millionth micro u .000000001 one one-billionth nano n .000000000001 one one-trillonth pico p .000000000000001 one one-quadrillionth femto f .000000000000000001 one one-quintillionth atto a .000000000000000000001 one one-septillionth zepto z 10^-27 one one-octillionth yocto y 10^-30 one one-nonillionth 10^-33 one one-decillionth 10^-100 one one-googoleth PHYSICS Periodic Table -------------- Temperatures are in Centigrade Radioactive isotopes indicate naturally occuring radioactive isotopes Conductivity is in microhms E-1 Entalpy is the Entalpy of vaporization (kcal/mole) Density is in g/cm^3 @ 25 degrees (C) Symbol: H Name: Hydrogen Symbol: He Name: Helium Atomic Number: 1 Atomic weight: 1.008 Atomic Number: 2 Atomic weight: 4.0026 Melting point: -259.2 Boiling point: -252.7 Melting point: none Boiling point: -269 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Conductivity: (gas) Entalpy: 0.108 Conductivity: (gas) Entalpy: .02 Density: 8.99E-5 Electron valence: +/-1 Density: 1.785E-4 Electron valence: 0 Symbol: Li Name: Lithium Symbol: Be Name: Beryllium Atomic Number: 3 Atomic weight: 6.941 Atomic Number: 4 Atomic weight: 9.01218 Melting point: 180 Boiling point: 1330 Melting point: 1277 Boiling point: 2770 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Conductivity: .108 Entalpy: 32.5 Conductivity: .25 Entalpy: 73.9 Density: .534 Symbol: B Name: Boron Symbol: C Name: Carbon Atomic Number: 5 Atomic weight: 10.81 Atomic Number: 6 Atomic weight: 12.011 Melting point: 2300 Boiling point: 2550 Melting point: 3550 Boiling point: 4830 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Conductivity: 1E-11 Entalpy: 75 Conductivity: .0007 Entalpy: 171.7 Density: 2.34 Density: 2.25 Electron valence: +/-4 (graphite) Symbol: N Name: Nitrogen Symbol: O Name: Oxygen Atomic Number: 7 Atomic weight: 14.0067 Atomic Number: 8 Atomic weight: 15.9994 Melting point: -210 Boiling point: -196 Melting point: -219 Boiling point: -183 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 3 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Conductivity: (gas) Entalpy: .666 Conductivity: (gas) Entalpy: .815 Density: 1.146E-3 Density: 1.298E-3 Electron valence: -2 Symbol: F Name: Florine Symbol: Ne Name: Neon Atomic Number: 9 Atomic weight: 18.9984 Atomic Number: 10 Atomic weight: 20.179 Melting point: -220 Boiling point: -188 Melting point: -249 Boiling point: -246 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 3 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Half life: 0 Disentegration: 0 Conductivity: (gas) Entalpy: .815 Conductivity: (gas) Entalpy: .422 Density: 1.551E-3 Density: 8.24E-4 Symbol: Na Name: Sodium Symbol: Mg Name: Magnesium Atomic Number: 11 Atomic weight: 22.9898 Atomic Number: 12 Atomic weight: 24.305 Melting point: 98 Boiling point: 892 Melting point: 650 Boiling point: 1107 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 3 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .218 Disentegration: 23.4 Half life: .224 Disentegration: 32.5 Conductivity: .97 Symbol: Al Name: Aluminum Symbol: Si Name: Silicon Atomic Number: 13 Atomic weight: 26.9815 Atomic Number: 14 Atomic weight: 28.086 Melting point: 660 Boiling point: 2450 Melting point: 1410 Boiling point: 2680 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 3 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .382 Disentegration: 67.9 Half life: .1 Disentegration: 71 Conductivity: 2.702 Entalpy: 3 Conductivity: 2.33 Entalpy: +/-4 Symbol: P Name: Phosphorus Symbol: S Name: Sulfur Atomic Number: 15 Atomic weight: 30.9738 Atomic Number: 16 Atomic weight: 32.06 Melting point: 44 Boiling point: 280 Melting point: 119 Boiling point: 445 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 1E-16 Disentegration: 11.9 Half life: 1E-22 Disentegration: 3.01 Density: 1.82 (white) Density: 2.07 (rhombic) Symbol: Cl Name: Chlorine Symbol: Ar Name: Argon Atomic Number: 17 Atomic weight: 35.453 Atomic Number: 18 Atomic weight: 39.948 Melting point: -101 Boiling point: -34 Melting point: -189 Boiling point: -186 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 3 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: (gas) Disentegration: 2.44 Half life: (gas) Disentegration: 1.56 Density: 2.89E-3 Density: 1.63E-3 Symbol: K Name: Potassium Symbol: Ca Name: Calcium Atomic Number: 19 Atomic weight: 39.102 Atomic Number: 20 Atomic weight: 40.08 Melting point: 64 Boiling point: 760 Melting point: 838 Boiling point: 1440 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .143 Disentegration: 18.9 Half life: .218 Disentegration: 38.6 Density: .86 Density: 1.54 Symbol: Sc Name: Scandium Symbol: Ti Name: Titanium Atomic Number: 21 Atomic weight: 44.9559 Atomic Number: 22 Atomic weight: 47.9 Melting point: 1540 Boiling point: 2730 Melting point: 1670 Boiling point: 3260 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 5 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .015 Disentegration: 81 Half life: .024 Disentegration: 106 Density: 2.992 Density: 4.5 Symbol: V Name: Vanadium Symbol: Cr Name: Chromium Atomic Number: 23 Atomic weight: 50.9414 Atomic Number: 24 Atomic weight: 51.996 Melting point: 1890 Boiling point: 3400 Melting point: 1890 Boiling point: 2480 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .04 Disentegration: 106 Half life: .078 Disentegration: 73 Density: 5.96 Density: 7.2 Symbol: Mn Name: Maganese Symbol: Fe Name: Iron Atomic Number: 25 Atomic weight: 54.938 Atomic Number: 26 Atomic weight: 55.847 Melting point: 1245 Boiling point: 2100 Melting point: 1535 Boiling point: 3000 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .054 Disentegration: 53.7 Half life: .1 Disentegration: 84.6 Density: 7.2 Density: 7.86 Electron valence: 2 Symbol: Co Name: Cobalt Symbol: Ni Name: Nickel Atomic Number: 27 Atomic weight: 58.9332 Atomic Number: 28 Atomic weight: 58.71 Melting point: 1495 Boiling point: 2900 Melting point: 1455 Boiling point: 2730 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 5 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .16 Disentegration: 93 Half life: .145 Disentegration: 91 Density: 8.9 Density: 8.9 Symbol: Cu Name: Copper Symbol: Zn Name: Zinc Atomic Number: 29 Atomic weight: 63.546 Atomic Number: 30 Atomic weight: 65.37 Melting point: 1083 Boiling point: 2595 Melting point: 420 Boiling point: 906 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 5 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .593 Disentegration: 72.8 Half life: .167 Disentegration: 27.4 Density: 8.92 Electron valence: 1 Density: 7.14 Symbol: Ga Name: Gallium Symbol: Ge Name: Germanium Atomic Number: 31 Atomic weight: 69.72 Atomic Number: 32 Atomic weight: 72.59 Melting point: 30 Boiling point: 2237 Melting point: 937 Boiling point: 2830 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 5 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .058 Disentegration: 63.8 Half life: .022 Disentegration: 68 Density: 5.904 Density: 5.35 Electron valence: +/-4 Symbol: As Name: Arsenic Symbol: Se Name: Selenium Atomic Number: 33 Atomic weight: 74.9216 Atomic Number: 34 Atomic weight: 78.96 Melting point: 817 Boiling point: 613 Melting point: 217 Boiling point: 685 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .029 Disentegration: 7.8 Half life: .08 Disentegration: 12.8 Density: 5.727 Density: 4.81 (gray) Symbol: Br Name: Bromine Symbol: Kr Name: Krypton Atomic Number: 35 Atomic weight: 79.904 Atomic Number: 36 Atomic weight: 83.8 Melting point: -7 Boiling point: 58 Melting point: -157 Boiling point: -152 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 1E-17 Disentegration: 7.34 Half life: (gas) Disentegration: 2.16 Density: 3.12 Density: 3.42E-3 Symbol: Rb Name: Rubidium Symbol: Sr Name: Strontium Atomic Number: 37 Atomic weight: 85.4678 Atomic Number: 38 Atomic weight: 87.62 Melting point: 39 Boiling point: 688 Melting point: 768 Boiling point: 1380 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .08 Disentegration: 18.1 Half life: .043 Disentegration: 33.8 Density: 1.532 Density: 2.6 Symbol: Y Name: Yttrium Symbol: Zr Name: Zirconium Atomic Number: 39 Atomic weight: 88.9059 Atomic Number: 40 Atomic weight: 91.22 Melting point: 1500 Boiling point: 2930 Melting point: 1850 Boiling point: 2580 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 5 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .019 Disentegration: 93 Half life: .024 Disentegration: 120 Density: 4.34 Density: 6.49 Symbol: Nb Name: Niobium Symbol: Mo Name: Molybdenum Atomic Number: 41 Atomic weight: 92.9064 Atomic Number: 42 Atomic weight: 95.94 Melting point: 2470 Boiling point: 3300 Melting point: 2610 Boiling point: 5560 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .08 Disentegration: 170 Half life: .19 Disentegration: 128 Density: 8.57 Density: 10.2 Symbol: Tc Name: Technetium Symbol: Ru Name: Ruthenium Atomic Number: 43 Atomic weight: 98.9062 Atomic Number: 44 Atomic weight: 101.07 Melting point: ~2200 Boiling point: ? Melting point: 2250 Boiling point: 3900 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: 120 Half life: .1 Disentegration: 148 Density: 11.5 Density: 12.3 Symbol: Rh Name: Rhodium Symbol: Pd Name: Palladium Atomic Number: 45 Atomic weight: 102.9055 Atomic Number: 46 Atomic weight: 106.4 Melting point: 1965 Boiling point: 3700 Melting point: 1550 Boiling point: 2900 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .22 Disentegration: 122 Half life: .093 Disentegration: 90 Density: 12.4 Density: 11.4 Symbol: Ag Name: Silver Symbol: Cd Name: Cadmium Atomic Number: 47 Atomic weight: 107.868 Atomic Number: 48 Atomic weight: 112.4 Melting point: 961 Boiling point: 2212 Melting point: 321 Boiling point: 765 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 8 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .616 Disentegration: 60.7 Half life: .146 Disentegration: 23.9 Density: 10.5 Electron valence: 1 Density: 8.642 Symbol: In Name: Indium Symbol: Sn Name: Tin Atomic Number: 49 Atomic weight: 114.82 Atomic Number: 50 Atomic weight: 118.69 Melting point: 156 Boiling point: 2000 Melting point: 232 Boiling point: 2270 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 10 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .111 Disentegration: 55.7 Half life: .088 Disentegration: 70 Density: 7.3 Density: 7.28 Symbol: Sb Name: Antimony Symbol: Te Name: Tellurium Atomic Number: 51 Atomic weight: 121.75 Atomic Number: 52 Atomic weight: 127.6 Melting point: 630 Boiling point: 1380 Melting point: 450 Boiling point: 990 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 8 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .026 Disentegration: 46.7 Half life: 1E-5 Disentegration: 11.9 Density: 6.691 Density: 6.24 Symbol: I Name: Iodine Symbol: Xe Name: Xenon Atomic Number: 53 Atomic weight: 126.9045 Atomic Number: 54 Atomic weight: 131.3 Melting point: 114 Boiling point: 184 Melting point: -112 Boiling point: -108 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 9 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: 1E-14 Disentegration: 11.1 Half life: (gas) Disentegration: 3.02 Density: 4.93 Density: 5.89E-3 Symbol: Cs Name: Cesium Symbol: Ba Name: Barium Atomic Number: 55 Atomic weight: 132.9055 Atomic Number: 56 Atomic weight: 137.35 Melting point: 29 Boiling point: 690 Melting point: 714 Boiling point: 1640 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .053 Disentegration: 16.3 Half life: .016 Disentegration: 35.7 Density: 1.873 Density: 3.5 Symbol: La Name: Lanthanum Symbol: Ce Name: Cerium Atomic Number: 57 Atomic weight: 138.9055 Atomic Number: 58 Atomic weight: 140.12 Melting point: 920 Boiling point: 3470 Melting point: 795 Boiling point: 3470 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .017 Disentegration: 96 Half life: .013 Disentegration: 95 Density: 6.18 Density: 6.78 Symbol: Pr Name: Praseodymium Symbol: Nd Name: Neodymium Atomic Number: 59 Atomic weight: 140.0977 Atomic Number: 60 Atomic weight: 144.24 Melting point: 935 Boiling point: 3100 Melting point: 1025 Boiling point: 3000 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Half life: .015 Disentegration: 79 Half life: .013 Disentegration: 69 Density: 6.78 Density: 6.8 Symbol: Pm Name: Promethium Symbol: Sm Name: Samarium Atomic Number: 61 Atomic weight: 147 Atomic Number: 62 Atomic weight: 150.4 Melting point: 1035 Boiling point: ~2700 Melting point: 1070 Boiling point: 1900 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: .011 Disentegration: 46 Density: ? Density: 7.54 Symbol: Eu Name: Europium Symbol: Gd Name: Gadolinium Atomic Number: 63 Atomic weight: 151 Atomic Number: 64 Atomic weight: 157.25 Melting point: 826 Boiling point: 1440 Melting point: 1310 Boiling point: 3000 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .012 Disentegration: 42 Half life: .007 Disentegration: 72 Density: 5.25 Density: 7.895 Symbol: Tb Name: Terbium Symbol: Dy Name: Dysprosium Atomic Number: 65 Atomic weight: 158.9254 Atomic Number: 66 Atomic weight: 162.5 Melting point: 1360 Boiling point: 2800 Melting point: 1410 Boiling point: 2600 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .009 Disentegration: 70 Half life: .011 Disentegration: 67 Density: 8.272 Density: 8.536 Symbol: Ho Name: Holmium Symbol: Er Name: Erbium Atomic Number: 67 Atomic weight: 164.9303 Atomic Number: 68 Atomic weight: 167.26 Melting point: 1460 Boiling point: 2600 Melting point: 1500 Boiling point: 2900 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .011 Disentegration: 67 Half life: .012 Disentegration: 67 Density: 8.803 Density: 9.051 Symbol: Tm Name: Thulium Symbol: Yb Name: Ytterbium Atomic Number: 69 Atomic weight: 168.9342 Atomic Number: 70 Atomic weight: 173.04 Melting point: 1545 Boiling point: 30 Melting point: 825 Boiling point: 1425 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .011 Disentegration: 59 Half life: .035 Disentegration: 38 Density: 9.332 Density: 6.977 Symbol: Lu Name: Lutetium Symbol: Hf Name: Hafnium Atomic Number: 71 Atomic weight: 174.97 Atomic Number: 72 Atomic weight: 178.49 Melting point: 1650 Boiling point: 3300 Melting point: 2150 Boiling point: 5400 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 6 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .015 Disentegration: 90 Half life: .031 Disentegration: 155 Density: 9.872 Density: 13.29 Symbol: Ta Name: Tantalum Symbol: W Name: Tungsten Atomic Number: 73 Atomic weight: 180.9479 Atomic Number: 74 Atomic weight: 183.85 Melting point: 3000 Boiling point: 5400 Melting point: 3410 Boiling point: 5900 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 5 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .081 Disentegration: ~170 Half life: .181 Disentegration: 185 Density: 16.6 Density: 19.3 Symbol: Re Name: Rhenium Symbol: Os Name: Osmium Atomic Number: 75 Atomic weight: 186.2 Atomic Number: 76 Atomic weight: 190.2 Melting point: 3180 Boiling point: 5600 Melting point: 3000 Boiling point: 5000 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .051 Disentegration: 152 Half life: .11 Disentegration: 162 Density: 21.02 Density: 22.57 Symbol: Ir Name: Iridium Symbol: Pt Name: Platinum Atomic Number: 77 Atomic weight: 192.22 Atomic Number: 78 Atomic weight: 195.09 Melting point: 2410 Boiling point: 4500 Melting point: 1769 Boiling point: 3800 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 2 Half life: .189 Disentegration: 152 Half life: .095 Disentegration: 122 Density: 22.42 Density: 21.45 Symbol: Au Name: Gold Symbol: Hg Name: Mercury Atomic Number: 79 Atomic weight: 196.9665 Atomic Number: 80 Atomic weight: 200.59 Melting point: 1063 Boiling point: 2970 Melting point: -39 Boiling point: 357 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 7 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: .42 Disentegration: 74.2 Half life: .011 Disentegration: 13.9 Density: 19.32 Electron valence: 1 Density: 13.546 Symbol: Tl Name: Thallium Symbol: Pb Name: Lead Atomic Number: 81 Atomic weight: 204.37 Atomic Number: 82 Atomic weight: 207.2 Melting point: 303 Boiling point: 1460 Melting point: 327 Boiling point: 1725 Stable isotopes: 2 Radioactive isotopes: 4 Stable isotopes: 4 Radioactive isotopes: 4 Half life: .055 Disentegration: 40.1 Half life: .046 Disentegration: 42.5 Density: 11.85 Density: 11.35 Symbol: Bi Name: Bismuth Symbol: Po Name: Polonium Atomic Number: 83 Atomic weight: 208.9806 Atomic Number: 84 Atomic weight: 210 Melting point: 271 Boiling point: 1560 Melting point: 254 Boiling point: 960 Stable isotopes: 1 Radioactive isotopes: 3 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 7 Half life: .009 Disentegration: 42.7 Half life: .02 Disentegration: 29 Density: 9.747 Density: 9.32 Symbol: At Name: Astatine Symbol: Rn Name: Radon Atomic Number: 85 Atomic weight: 210 Atomic Number: 86 Atomic weight: 222 Melting point: ~300 Boiling point: ? Melting point: -71 Boiling point: -62 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 3 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 3 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: (gas) Disentegration: 3.92 Density: ? Density: 9.73E-3 Symbol: Fr Name: Francium Symbol: Ra Name: Radium Atomic Number: 87 Atomic weight: 223 Atomic Number: 88 Atomic weight: 226.0254 Melting point: ~27 Boiling point: ? Melting point: 700 Boiling point: ~1700 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 1 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 4 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: ? Disentegration: 27 Density: ? Density: 5 Symbol: Ac Name: Actinium Symbol: Th Name: Tharium Atomic Number: 89 Atomic weight: 227 Atomic Number: 90 Atomic weight: 232.0381 Melting point: 1050 Boiling point: ~3200 Melting point: 1700 Boiling point: 4000 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 2 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 6 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: .055 Disentegration: 130 Density: 10.07 Density: 11.66 Symbol: Pa Name: Protactinium Symbol: U Name: Uranium Atomic Number: 91 Atomic weight: 231.0359 Atomic Number: 92 Atomic weight: 238.029 Melting point: ~1230 Boiling point: ? Melting point: 1132 Boiling point: 3820 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 2 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 3 Half life: ? Disentegration: 130 Half life: .034 Disentegration: 110 Density: 15.37 Density: 18.95 Symbol: Np Name: Neptunium Symbol: Pu Name: Plutonium Atomic Number: 93 Atomic weight: 237.0482 Atomic Number: 94 Atomic weight: 242 Melting point: 640 Boiling point: ~2500 Melting point: 640 Boiling point: 3240 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: ~55 Half life: .007 Disentegration: 87 Density: 20.4 Density: 19.84 Symbol: Am Name: Americum Symbol: Cm Name: Curium Atomic Number: 95 Atomic weight: 243 Atomic Number: 96 Atomic weight: 247 Melting point: >850 Boiling point: ? Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: ~60 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Density: 11.7 Density: ~7 Symbol: Bk Name: Berkelium Symbol: Cf Name: Californium Atomic Number: 97 Atomic weight: 247 Atomic Number: 98 Atomic weight: 251 Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Density: ? Density: ? Symbol: Es Name: Einsteinium Symbol: Fm Name: Fermium Atomic Number: 99 Atomic weight: 254 Atomic Number: 100 Atomic weight: 253 Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Density: ? Density: ? Symbol: Md Name: Mendelevium Symbol: No Name: Nobelium Atomic Number: 101 Atomic weight: 256 Atomic Number: 102 Atomic weight: 254 Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Density: ? Density: ? Symbol: Lr Name: Lawrencium Symbol: Name: Rutherfordium Atomic Number: 103 Atomic weight: 257 Atomic Number: 104 Melting point: ? Boiling point: ? Stable isotopes: 0 Radioactive isotopes: 0 Half life: ? Disentegration: ? Density: ? Symbol: Name: Dubnium Symbol: Name: Seaborgium Atomic Number: 105 Atomic Number: 106 Symbol: Name: Bohrium Symbol: Name: Hassium Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Number: 108 Symbol: Name: Meitnerium Symbol: Name: Ununnilium Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Number: 110 Symbol: Name: Unununium Atomic Number: 111 Atoms: Electron shells (inner to outer): Designation Maximum electrons Inert gas K 2 Helium L 8 Neon M 8 (up to calcium) or 18 Argon N 8, 18, or 32 Krypton O 8 or 18 Xenon P 8 or 18 Radon Q 8 n/a Radiation: Type Frequency (Hz) ---- -------------- Radio Long Broadcast Shortwave TV FM Radar Microwave 300K to 300M Infra-Red Visible light Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indgio Violet Ultra-Violet X-rays GPS 1.2 GHz GPS 1.5 GHz UMTS transmit 1.92-1.98 GHz UMTS receive 2.11-2.17 GHz Gamma rays Particles: Particle Charge Mass -------- ------ ---- Electron in shell .16E-18 C, negative 9.108E-28 g Proton in nucleous .16E-18 C, positive 1.672E-24 g Neutron in nucleous none 1.675E-24 g POLITICS THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA March 4, 1789 Preamble We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows: Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more states;--between a state and citizens of another state;--between citizens of different states;--between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. Article V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman New York: Alexander Hamilton New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll Virginia: John Blair, James Madison Jr. North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Amendment I (1791) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II (1791) A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III (1791) No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV (1791) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V (1791) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI (1791) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Amendment VII (1791) In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII (1791) Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX (1791) The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Amendment X (1791) The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Amendment XI (1795) The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Amendment XII (1804) The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;--The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Amendment XIII (1865) Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XIV (1868) Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Amendment XV (1870) Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XVI (1913) The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census of enumeration. Amendment XVII (1913) The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. Amendment XVIII (1919) Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress. Amendment XIX (1920) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XX (1933) Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning ofhis term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission. Amendment XXI (1933) Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. Section 2. The transportation or importation into any state, territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress. Amendment XXII (1951) Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress. Amendment XXIII (1961) Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XXIV (1964) Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XXV (1967) Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. Amendment XXVI (1971) Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XXVII (1992) No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE July 4, 1776 In Congress, July 4, 1776, THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK, President Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON. New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK RELIGION Buddhist [Sacred Texts = The Tripitaka, the teachings of the Buddha; Founder = Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) in 535 BC] Mahayana (Eastern) Therevada (Southern) Tibetan (Northern) Zen Monotheistic Christian [Sacred Texts = The Holy Bible; Founder = Jesus] Jehovah Witness Orthodox Coptic Greek Russian Protestant [Founder = Martin Luther in 1517] Anglican American Episcopalian Baptist Freewill General Germany Independant Primitive (Dunkard or German) Seventh-Day Southern Lutheran Methodist [Founder = Wesley] Free United Pentecostal Assembly of God Four Square Presbyterian Seventh-Day Adventist Roman Catholic Islam [Sacred texts = The Koran; Founder = Mohammad] Shiite Sunni Ahmadiyya [Founder = Mirza Ghullam Ahmad] Judiasm [Sacred texts = The Torah, The Prophets; Founder = Moses] Conservative Orthodox Mormon (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) [Sacred texts = The Book of Mormon; Founder = Joseph Smith in 1827] Polytheistic Hindu Sikh [Sacred texts = Sri Guru Granth Sahib] Bahai TAXONOMY Monera, Protists, Fungi, Plants: KINGDOM DIVISION CLASS FAMILY GENUS SPECIES SUBSPECIES Animals: KINGDOM PHYLUM SUBPHYLUM CLASS SUBCLASS ORDER SUBORDER FAMILY SUBFAMILY TRIBE GENUS SPECIES KINGDOM Monera (2,700 - 10,000 sp) DIVISION Schizophyta (2,500 sp) Cyanophta (200 - 7,500 sp) KINGDOM Protista (55,000 sp, 35,000 sp extinct) DIVISION Euglenophyta (1,000 sp) Chrysophyta (12,000 sp) CLASS Bacillariophyceae (10,000 sp) Chrysophyceae (1,500 sp) DIVISION Pyrrophyta (1,100 sp) CLASS Dinophyceae (1,000 sp) DIVISION Chlorophyta (7,000 sp) Phaeophyta (1,500 sp) Rhodophyta (4,000 sp) Myxomycota (550 sp) Acrasiomycota (7 genera, 26 sp) PHYLUM Mastigophora (2,500 sp) Sarcodina (11,500 sp, 33,000 sp extinct) Ciliophora (7,200 sp) Opalinda (400 sp) Sporozoa (6,000 sp) KINGDOM Fungi (100,000 sp) DIVISION Chytridiomycota (650 sp) Oomycota (475 sp) Zygomycota (600 sp) Ascomycota (30,000 sp + 25,000 sp of lichen) Basidiomycota (25,000 sp) Deuteromycota (25,000 sp) KINGDOM Plantae DIVISION Bryophyta (16,000 sp) CLASS Hepaticopsida (6,000 sp) Antherocerotopsida (100 sp) Muscopsida (9,500 sp) DIVISION Equisetophyta (15 sp) CLASS Equisetopsida FAMILY Equisetaceae GENUS Equisetum (15 sp) Horsetail DIVISION Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta) (5 genera, 1,000 sp) CLASS Isoetopsida FAMILY Isoetacaea GENUS Isoetes Quillwort FAMILY Selaginellaceae GENUS Selaginella CLASS Lycopodiopsida FAMILY Lycopodiaceae GENUS Lycopodium (65 sp) Clubmoss SPECIES alpinus annotinum clavatum complanatum inundatum obscurum selago sitchense DIVISION Pinophyta CLASS Pinopsida FAMILY Cupressaceae Pinaceae Taxaceae DIVISION Polypodiophyta CLASS Polypodiopsida FAMILY Marsileacaea Ophioglossaceae GENUS Botrychium Ophioglossum FAMILY Polypodiaceae Ferns GENUS Adiantum Aspidotis Asplenium Athyrium Blechnum Cheilanthes Cryptogramma Cystopteris Dryopteris Gymnocarpium Pellaea Pityrograrmma Polypodium Polystichum Pteridium Thelypteris Woodsia Woodwardia FAMILY Salviniaceae DIVISION Psilophyta (2 genera) GENUS Psilotum DIVISION Pterophyta (12,000 sp) Coniferophyta (50 genera, 550 sp) Cycadophyta (10 genera, 100 sp) Ginkophyta (1 sp) Gnetophyta (3 genera, 70 sp) Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) (235,000 sp) CLASS Liliopsida (65,000 sp) Monocotyledons FAMILY Alismataceae Araceae Butomaceae Cyperaceae Gramineae Hydrocharitaceae Iridaceae Juncaceae Juncaginaceae Lemnaceae Liliaceae Najadaceae Orchidaceae Potamogetonaceae Ruppiaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Sparganiaceae Typhaceae Zannichelliaceae Zosteraceae CLASS Magnoliopsida (170,000 sp) Dicotyledons FAMILY Aceraceae Adoxaceae Aizoaceae Amaranthaceae Anacardiaceae Araliaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Balsaminaceae Berberidaceae Betulaceae Boraginaceae Buddlejaceae Cactaceae Callitrichaceae Campanulaceae Capparidaceae Caprifoliaceae Caryophyllaceae Celastraceae Ceratophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Convolvulaceae Compositae Cornaceae Crassulaceae Cruciferae Cucurbitaceae Cuscutaceae Dipsacaceae Droseraceae Elaeagnacea Elatinaceae Empetraceae Ericaceae Euphorbiaceae Fagaceae Fumariaceae Garryaceae Geraniaceae Grossulariaceae Haloragaceae Hippuridaceae Hydrangeaceae Hydrophyllaceae Hypericaceae Labiatae Leguminosae Lentibulariaceae Limnanthaceae Linaceae Loasaceae Loranthaceae Lythraceae Malvaceae Menyanthaceae Moraceae Myricaceae Nyctaginaceae Nymphaeaceae Oleaceae Onagraceae Orobanchaceae Oxalidaceae Paeoniaceae Papveraceae Phytolaccaceae Plantaginaceae Plumbaginaceae Polemoniaceae Polygonaceae Portulacaceae Ranmunculaceae Rhamnaceae Resedaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Salicaceae Santalaceae Sarraceniaceae Saururaceae Saxifragaceae Scrophulariaceae Simaroubaceae Solanaceae Tamaicaceae Ulmaceae Umbelliferae Urticaceae Valerianaceae Verbenaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Zygophyllaceea KINGDOM Animalia (1,000,000 sp) PHYLUM Porifera (5,000 sp) Mesozoa (50 sp) Cnidaria (9,000 sp) CLASS Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa PHYLUM Ctenophora (90 sp) Platyhelminthes (13,000 sp) CLASS Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda PHYLUM Gnathostomulida (80 sp) Rhynchocoela (650 sp) Nematoda (12,000 sp) Nematomorpha (230 sp) Acanthocephala (500 sp) Kinorhyncha (100 sp) Gastrotricha (400 sp) Rotifera (1,500 - 2,000 sp) Entoprocta (75 sp) Mollusca (47,000 sp) CLASS Aplacophora (250 sp) Polyplacophora (600 sp) Monoplacophora (2 genera, 8 sp) Scaphopoda (350 sp) Bivalvia (7,500 sp) Gastropoda (37,500 sp) Cephalopoda (600 sp) PHYLUM Annelida (9,300 sp) CLASS Oligochaeta (3,000 sp) Polychaeta (6,000 sp) Hirudinea (300 sp) PHYLUM Sipuncula (300 sp) Echiura (100 sp) Priapulida (9 sp) Pogonophora (100 sp) Pentastomida (70 sp) Tardigrada (350 sp) Onychophora (70 sp) Arthropoda (850,000 sp) CLASS Crustacea (25,000 sp) ORDER Gecarcinidae Coenobitidae Isopoda FAMILY Ligiidae Armadillidiidae Trichoniscidae SUBPHYLUM Myriapoda (10,980 sp) CLASS Chilopoda (3,000 sp) ORDER Scutigeromorpha (130 sp) Lithobiomorpha (1,100 sp) Geophilomorpha (1,000 sp) Scolopendromorpha (550 sp) CLASS Diplopoda (7,500 sp) SUBCLASS Pselaphognatha (2 families, 60 sp) FAMILY Polyxenidae SUBCLASS Chilognatha ORDER Glomerida Platydesmida Polyzonida Chordeumida Polydesmida Julida Spirostreptida Cambalida Spirobolida CLASS Pauropoda (350 sp) Symphyla (130 sp) CLASS Insecta (750,000 sp) Insects ORDER Anoplura Coleoptera (280,000 sp) Beetles Dermaptera Diptera Ephemerida (100 sp) Hemiptera Homoptera Hymenoptera FAMILY Formicidae (8,804 sp) Ants SUBFAMILY Aneuretinae TRIBE Aneuretini Dolichoderinae TRIBE Dolichoderini Leptomyrmecini Tapinomini Dorylinae TRIBE Aenictini Dorylini Ecitoninae TRIBE Cheliomymecini Ecitonini Formiciinae Formicinae TRIBE Camponotini Formicini Gesomyrmecini Gigantiopini Lasiini Melophorini Myrmecorhynchini Myrmelachistini Myrmoteratini Plagiolepidini Prenolepidini Santschiellini Leptanillianae TRIBE Anomalomyrmini Leptanillini Myrmeciinae Myrmicinae Nothomyrmeciinae Ponerinae TRIBE Acanthostichini Aenictogitini Amblyoponini Cerapachyini Cylindromymrmecini Ectatommini Odontomachini Platythyreini Ponerini Thaumatomyrmecini Typhlomyrmecini Pseudomyrmecinae TRIBE Pseudomyrmecini Sphecomyrminae Isoptera (2,000 sp) Lepidoptera (70 families, 120,000 sp) Butterflies & Moths SUBORDER Jugatae (250 sp) Frenatae (50 familiea) Rhopalocera SUPERFAMILY Papilionoidea (19 families) Hesperioidea (2 families) Mecoptera Neuroptera Odonata Orthoptera Plecoptera (200 sp) Trichoptera (17 families, 200 sp) SUBPHYLUM Chelicerata (60,504 sp) CLASS Merostomata (4 sp) Pycnogonida (500 sp) Arachnida (60,000 sp) ORDER Uropygi (70 sp) Schizomida (35 sp) Amblypygi (50 sp) FAMILY Charontidea Tarantulidea ORDER Solifugae Pseudoscorpiones Scorpiones (1,000 sp) FAMILY Diplocentridae Scorpionidae Chactidae Bothriuridae Vaejovidae Buthidae ORDER Opiliones (2,950 sp) SUBORDER Cyphophthalmi (50 sp) FAMILY Sironidae (50 sp) SUBORDER Laniatorae (2,000 sp) FAMILY Phalangodidae Triaenonychidae Cosmetidae Gonyleptidae (600 sp) SUBORDER Palpatorae (900 sp) FAMILY Trogulidae Nemastomatidae (50 sp) Ischyropsalidae (30 sp) Phalangiidae (800 sp) ORDER Acari (20,000 sp) SUBORDER Mesostigmata Trombidiformes FAMILY Trombiculidae Tetranychidae Trombidiidae Hydrachnellae SUBORDER Sarcoptiformes Ixodides (300 sp) ORDER Palpigradi (30 - 40 sp) Ricinulei (25 sp) PHYLUM Phoronida (18 sp) Bryozoa (4,000 sp) Brachiopoda (250 sp, 30,000 extinct sp) Echinodermata (6,000 sp) CLASS Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea PHYLUM Chaetognatha (60 sp) Hemichordata (80 sp) Chordata (43,000 sp) SUBPHYLUM Cephalochordata (28 sp) Urochordata (1,300 sp) Vertebrata (41,700 sp) CLASS Agnatha (60 sp) Chondrichthyes (625 sp) Osteichthyes (19,000 sp) Amphibia (2,500 sp) Reptilia (6,000 sp) Aves (8,600 sp) FAMILY Gaviidae Podicipedidae Diomedeidae Procellariidae Hydrobatidae Fregatidae Phaethontidae Pelecanidae Sulidae Anhingidae Phalacrocoracidae Ardeidae Ciconiidae Phoenicopteridae Threskiornithidae Gruidae Anatidae Aramidae Rallidae Jacanidae Haematopodidae Recurvirostridae Charadriidae Scolopacidae Laridae Alcidae Cathartidae Accipitridae Falconidae Phasianidae Cracidae Columbidae Psittacidae Trogonidae Cuculidae Tytonidae Strgidae Caprimulgidae Apodidae Trochilidae Alcedinidae Picidae Tyrannidae Alaudidae Hirundinidae Corvidae Muscicapidae Paridae Remizidae Aegithalidae Certhiidae Sittidae Trologytidae Muscicapidae Prunellidae Laniidae Mimidae Motacillidae Cinclidae Bombtcillidae Ptilogonatidae Pyconotidae Sturnidae Vireonidae Emberizidae Estrildidae Passeridae Fringillidae CLASS Mammalia (4,500 sp) Mammels SUBCLASS Eutheria ORDER Insectivora Chiroptera Dermoptera Edentata Lagomorpha Carnivora Tubulidentata Pholidota Rodentia Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Proboscidea Hyracoidea Sirenia Cetacea Primates SUBCLASS Metatheria (260 sp) Prototheria (3 sp) WEIGHTS Weights are for 1 cubic foot and are in pounds. Melting temperature is in degrees (F). If the substance is a naturally occuring ore, then the substance which is obtained from the ore is listed in the fourth column. Substance Weight Melting Point Ore of Hardness --------- ------ ------------- ------ -------- acanthite 473 silver 2 acmite 230 6 actinium 622 1050 actinolite 211 6 adamite 285 3 adularia (see Orthoclase) aegirine (see Acmite) agate (see Chalcedony) albite (see Feldspar) alexandrite (see Chrysoberyl) almandine (see Garnet) aluminum 169 660 amathyst (see Quartz) amazonite (see Microcline) amazonstone (see Microcline) amber 67 amblygonite 201 lithium 6 amphibolite 6 analcime 146 5 analcite (see Analcime) andalusite 204 7 andesine (see Feldspar) arsenic andesite 6 andradite (see Garnet) anglesite 415 3 anhydrite 191 3 annabergite (see Erythrite) anthorite (see Feldspar) antigorite (see Serpentine) antimony 415 631 3 apatite 204 5 apophyllite 152 5 aquamarine (see Beryl) beryllium aragonite 191 4 argentite (see Acanthite) silver arsenic 363 817 3 arsenopyrite 395 arsenic 6 augite 220 6 aurichalcite 236 zinc 2 austinite 268 4 autunite 204 uranium 2 aventurine (see Quartz) axinite 217 7 azurite 243 copper 4 babingtonite 218 6 barite 288 3 barium 225 714 basalt 6 bauxite 162 60% aluminum 2 benitoite 233 6 beryl 181 beryllium 8 beryllium 116 1277 biotite 201 3 bismuth 605 271 2 bismuthinite 441 bismuth 2 bixbyite 318 6 bloodstone (see Chalcedony) borax 110 2 bornite 324 copper 3 boron 147 2030 boulangerite 404 lead 3 bournonite 378 copper & lead 3 brass: forging 525 1000 red 545 990 yellow 530 931 brochantite 259 4 bromine 195 -7 brucite 152 magnesium 2 bytownite (see Feldspar) cadmium 536 321 calaverite 599 gold 3 calcite 175 3 calcium 97 838 californite (see Vesuvianite) carbon 227 3727 carnelian (see Chalcedony) carnotite 292 uranium 2 cassiterite 450 80% tin 7 cats eye (see Quartz) celestite 256 3 cerargyrite (see Chlorargyrite) cerium 432 804 cerussite 424 lead 3 cesium 118 287 chabazite 136 5 chalcanthite 148 2 chalcedony 170 7 chalcocite 356 copper 3 chalcopyrite 272 copper 4 chert 7 chloanthite (see Skutterudite) cobalt & nickel chlorargynite 360 silver 2 chlorite 191 2 chondrodite 204 6 chromite 295 chromium 5 chromium 449 1875 chrysoberyl 237 8 chrysocolla 136 copper 3 chrysoprase (see Chalcedony) cinnabar 525 mercury 2 citrine (see Quartz) clay 168 cleavelandite (see Albite) clinozoisite 214 7 coal 100 3727 2 cobalt 553 1495 cobaltite 408 cobalt 5 colemanite 156 boron 4 columbite 440 niobium & tantalum 6 conichalcite 281 4 copper 553 1083 3 cordierite 172 7 corundum 259 aluminum 12 covellite 305 copper 2 crocoite 389 3 cryolite 191 aluminum 2 crysotile 165 asbestos cuprite 395 copper 4 cyanotrichite 178 3 danburite 194 7 datolite 188 5 demantoid (see Garnet) descloizite 402 copper, lead, & zinc 3 diamond 227 3727 48 diopside 224 6 dioptase 217 5 diorite 6 dolomite 185 magnesium 4 dravite (see Tourmaline) dumortierite 217 7 dunite 6 dysprosium 536 1407 electrum 934 1000 emerald (see Beryl) beryllium emery (see Corundum) enargite 288 copper 3 enstatite 227 epidote 224 7 epsomite 110 2 erbium 570 1497 erythrite 198 2 europium 328 826 fayalite (see Olivine) feberite 475 tungsten feldspar 165 6 flint (see Chalcedony) fluorite 201 4 forsterite (see Olivine) franklinite 334 zinc 6 gabbro 6 gadolinite erbium gadolinium 501 1312 galena 486 327 lead 2 gallium 363 30 garnet 250 7 germanium 328 937 glauberite 178 3 glaucophane 198 6 goethite 246 iron 5 gold 1210 1063 3 goshenite (see Beryl) beryllium graphite 142 3727 2 granite 181 6 greenstone 6 granodiorite 6 grossular (see Garnet) gummite 262 uranium 2 gypsum 152 2 hafnium 829 2222 halite 140 chlorine & sodium 2 hedenbergite 224 6 heliodor (see Beryl) beryllium heliotrope (see Chalcedony) hematite 330 70% iron 6 hemimorphite 224 zinc 5 heulandite 143 4 hexagonite 194 holmium 553 1461 hornblende 207 6 hornfel 7 howlite 166 3 huebnerite (see Wolframite) tungsten hypersthene 237 6 ice 58 0 1 idocrase (see Vesuvianite) ilmenite 298 titanium 6 indicolite (see Tourmaline) indium 449 156 inesite 194 6 iodine 311 114 iolite (see Cordierite) iridium 1400 2454 iron: cast 445 malleable 450 pure 484 1537 wrought 480 ivory 117 jade (see Jadite) jadite 213 7 jamesonite 373 lead 2 jargoon (see Ziron) zirconium & hafnium jarosite 198 3 jasper (see Chalcedony) kaolinite 168 2 kernite 126 borax 3 kyanite 233 aluminum 7 labradorite (see Feldspar) lanthanum 380 920 laumontite 146 4 lawsonite 201 6 lazuli (see Lazulite) lazulite 198 6 lazurite 159 5 lead 709 327 legrandite 260 5 lepidolite 185 lithium 3 leucite 159 6 lime (see Calcite) limestone 175 4 limonite 227 iron 5 linarite 347 2 lithiophilite (see Triphylite) manganese & iron lithium 33 181 lutetium 622 1652 maganese 449 1245 magnesite 198 magnesium 4 magnesium 109 650 magnetite 327 iron 5 malachite 256 copper 4 manganite 279 manganese marble 175 3 marcasite 314 iron 6 melanite (see Garnet) melanterite 123 2 mercury 864 -36 mesolite 149 5 metaquartzite 5 meteorite 486 1500 iron microline (see Orthoclase) millerite 350 3 mimetite 470 lead 4 molybdenite 314 molybdenum 1 molybdenum 639 2610 monazite 324 thorium, cerium, lanthanum, & yttrium 5 monzonite 6 moonstone (see Adularia) morganite (see Beryl) mottramite (see Descloizite) copper, lead, & zinc muscovite 185 2 natrolite 146 5 neodymium 432 1019 nepheline 168 6 neptunite 209 6 neptunium 1279 637 niccolite (see Nickeline) nickel 553 1453 nickeline 505 nickel 5 niobium 536 2468 obsidian 7 oligoclase (see Feldspar) olivenite 272 3 olivine 243 7 onyx (see Chalcedony) opal 136 6 orpiment 224 arsenic 2 orthoclase 165 6 osmium 1417 2700 palladium 709 1552 pargasite 207 6 pectolite 181 5 pentlandite 316 nickel 4 peridot (see Olivine) peridotite 6 phenakite 193 8 phlogopite 185 3 phosphorus 114 44 phyllite 1 platinum 1331 1769 4 plutonium 1244 640 polonium 588 254 potassium 54 63 praseodymum 432 919 prehnite 190 6 protactinum 968 1230 proustite 363 2 psilmelane 298 manganese 6 pumice 32 5 pumpellyite 207 6 pyrargyrite 379 2 pyrite 327 gold, sulfur, & iron 6 pyrolusite 305 maganese 6 pyromorphite 460 lead 4 pyrope (see Garnet) pyrophyllite 185 2 pyrrhotite 295 iron 4 quartz 172 7 radium 311 700 realgar 230 arsenic 2 rhenium 1313 3180 rhodium 778 1966 rhodochrosite 227 manganese 4 rhodolite 255 rhodonite 233 manganese 6 rhyolite 6 riebeckite 207 6 rock salt halite (95-99%) 2 rubellite (see Tourmaline) rubidium 95 4 ruby (see Corundum) ruthenium 760 2500 rutile 276 titanium 6 salt (see Halite) samarium 467 1072 sandstone 141 5 sanidine (see Orthoclase) sapphire (see Corundum) sard (see Chalcedony) sardonyx (see Chalcedony) scandium 187 1539 scapolite 172 6 scheelite 389 tungsten 5 schorl (see Tourmaline) scoria 5 selenium 294 217 serpentine 169 4 shattuckite 266 3 siderite 250 iron 4 silicon 145 1410 sillimanite 211 7 silver 657 961 3 skutterudite 421 nickel & cobalt 6 slate 1 smaltite (see Skutterudite) nickel & cobalt smithsonite 285 zinc 4 sodalite 146 6 sodium 61 98 spessartine (see Garnet) sphalerite 259 zinc sphene (see Titanite) spinel 246 8 spodumene 204 lithium 7 staurolite 243 7 steatite 175 steel: carbon 485 cold rolled 500 stainless 500 tungsten 505 stephanite 411 silver 2 stibnite 298 antimony & magnesium 2 stilbite 139 4 strontianite 240 strontium 4 strontium 162 768 sulfur 130 119 2 syenite 6 sylvanite 531 gold & silver 2 talc 178 1 tantalite 449 niobium & tantalum 6 tantalum 1037 2996 tanzanite (see Zoisite) technetium 726 2130 tellurium 397 450 tennantite (see Terrahedrite) copper tephroite 262 6 terbium 518 1356 tetrahedrite 175 4 thallium 743 303 thenardite 175 3 thorium 726 1750 thulite (see Zoisite) thulium 588 1545 tiger eye (see Quartz) tin: babbit 470 pure 449 232 pewter 454 soft solder 525 white metal 454 titanite 227 5 titanium 282 1668 topaz 227 8 topazolite (see Garnet) torbernite 209 uranium 2 tourmaline 204 7 trachyte 6 tremolite 194 6 triphylite 232 manganese & iron 5 tuff 0 tungsten 1204 3410 turquoise 175 6 ulexite 123 boron 2 uraninite 535 uranium 6 uranium 1192 1132 uvarovite (see Garnet) vanadinite 450 lead & vanadium 3 vanadium 372 1900 variscite 167 4 vesuvianite 220 6 vivianite 172 2 water 64 0 0 wavellite 152 4 willemite 262 zinc 5 witherite 282 barium 3 wolframite 486 tungsten 4 wollastonite 185 5 wulfenite 437 lead 3 ytterbium 432 824 yttrium 271 1509 zinc 449 420 zincite 360 zinc 4 zircon 301 zirconium & hafnium 7 zirconium 406 1852 zoisite 214 6